Zona Laut Jurnal Inovasi Sains Dan Teknologi Kelautan
Zona Laut: Journal of Ocean Science and Technology Innovation (e-ISSN: 2721-5717 p-ISSN: 2747-2124) has been accredited Sinta 3 from the Directorate General of Higher Education Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology. This journal is open access and peer-reviewed journal published by the Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University in March, July, and November every year. Manuscripts that have been approved for publication have been reviewed by reviewers and are free to download via our website. Starting from 2024, Zonalaut will accept and publish articles in English. This decision has been made to broaden the readership and authorship from various parts of the world, as well as to enhance the quality and relevance of the research published. Therefore, we urge all authors who wish to submit their manuscripts to Zonalaut to ensure that the manuscript is written in proper English. We greatly appreciate your attention and cooperation in this matter.
Departemen Teknik Kelautan Universitas Hasanuddin
Allow anyone to modify, improve, and make derivative works, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit to you for the original work.
The Effect of Shore Leave Crew on Watch Duty on Passenger Ships
The shipping industry plays a vital role in supporting passenger mobility and goods distribution in Indonesia. However, one of the challenges faced is the management of crew working hours and rest periods, particularly in relation to shore leave activities. This study aims to analyze the effect of crew shore leave on the effectiveness of watchkeeping duties on passenger ships and the impact of crew shore leave on the readiness and performance of watchkeeping crews. The research method used is a quantitative approach with an instrument in the form of a questionnaire distributed to 35 passenger ship crew members on duty at PT Pelni Makassar. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, regression tests, and ANOVA. The results of the study indicate that shore leave crew has a significant effect on the quality of watchkeeping, particularly in terms of physical readiness, mental readiness, and reduction of fatigue risk. These findings emphasize the importance of good shore leave schedule management to support shipping safety.
Port Management and Coastal Of Human Resource Development
Copyright (c) 2026 Musriady, Ismail, Arifuddin Danduru, Irwansyah; Andi Dirga Noegraha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Mooring System Performance with Variations in 4,6, and 8 Point Configurations on Accommodation Work Barges
In the maritime industry, an effective mooring system is essential to ensure the stability and safety of offshore operations. A mooring system is a collection of equipment and techniques used to maintain the position and stability of a structure at sea or on an accommodation work barge. In practice, there are still various challenges and problems in the use of mooring systems on accommodation work barges. Factors such as weather conditions, sea depth, and the type of anchor used must be considered. This study will focus on analyzing the factors that affect the mooring system, analyzing the ship's RAO, and evaluating the weight of the anchor and tension wire. This study aims to produce recommendations for the best mooring system and configuration based on four types of seabed. The analysis was carried out using Ansys AQWA software and criteria set by ABS, DNV, and API. The factor that most influences the tension wire is the environmental load received by the ship (currents, waves, wind). Differences in environmental loads will also result in different tension values. In holding power analysis, mud seabeds produce the lowest holding power, while rock seabeds produce the highest holding power but are difficult to anchor. The 8 mooring system configuration is suitable for floating hotel operations because it has a good motion response, while 6 mooring is recommended for well intervention work because it is more efficient during the work process. The best anchor placement is located at 45° - 60° from the ship's centerline because it has an even load distribution.
Offshore Building Technology and Engineering
Copyright (c) 2026 Alan Nurdiansyah, Arif Fadillah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Reusing Copper Slag in the Blasting Process on the Surface Roughness of Ship Hull Plates
The blasting process in the shipping sector aims to remove dirt, rust and factory scale from the plate surface and to create roughness on the surface so that the paint layer can adhere well. In the blasting process, abrasive materials are generally used once or twice. However, in field practice, reused copper slag has been used as an abrasive material. This study aims to analyze the surface roughness level of the plate during the blasting process using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method with variations of new copper slag, reused copper slag 1 and 2 with cleanliness standards according to ISO 8501-1 SA 2.5 and the standard surface roughness level of the plate according to IMO-PSPC (Performance Standard for Protective Coatings) with a surface roughness level ranging from 35 µm – 75 µm. From the results of the data analysis, it shows that the reuse of copper slag during the blasting process, the roughness level obtained is getting smaller. Therefore, the surface roughness level of the plate that meets the IMO-PSPC standard which ranges between 35µm-75µm is copper slag reuse 2 and while the maximum limit of the surface roughness level of the plate that meets the IMO-PSPC criteria is copper slag reuse-3.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ilham Dermawan, Tri Agung Kristiyono, Bagus Kusuma Aditya, Nur Yanu Nugroho, Bagiyo Suwasono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluasi Risiko Kehilangan Energi Pada Bengkel Fabrikasi Menggunakan Metode Bayesian Network
This study aims to analyze the risk of energy loss in ship fabrication processes at PT DUMAS Shipyard Surabaya using a Bayesian Network modeling approach. Energy losses were identified across six key processes: Sandblasting, Painting, Cutting, Forming, Welding, and Lifting Equipment (cranes, hoists, and forklifts). The Bayesian method was employed to model the probabilistic relationships among causal variables, including air pressure, cooling system performance, machine idle time, equipment condition, and operator behavior, all of which contribute to potential energy loss. Risk assessment was conducted by calculating likelihood and consequence values based on the AS/NZS 4360:2004 standard to determine the level of energy-related risk in each process. The results indicate that the Welding process has the highest probability of energy loss at 0.25 and is classified as a High Risk. Cutting, Sandblasting, and Painting fall under the Moderate Risk category, while Forming and Lifting Equipment are categorized as Low Risk. Recommended mitigation strategies include implementing automatic control systems for key equipment, enhancing operator training, and optimizing pneumatic and cooling systems. The energy risk evaluation serves as a basis for improving efficiency within the fabrication processes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ridwan Efendy , Intan Baroroh, Tri Agung Kristiyono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Paint Material Requirements and Repair Costs for the KMP Balibo Ferry
The shipping industry is a crucial sector supporting maritime transportation in Indonesia, making ship maintenance and repair a vital requirement to ensure operational safety and efficiency. Painting is a crucial aspect of repair, protecting the ship's structure from corrosion while simultaneously reducing operational costs. This study aims to analyze the paint material requirements and painting costs for the KMP. Balibo ferry using the Just In Time (JIT) approach. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the calculation of material requirements and painting costs for the ship, while also offering a more effective inventory management strategy for the Indonesian shipbuilding industry. The primary data used include ship specifications, paint coating types, and material prices from official references. The analysis method is carried out by calculating the painting area, paint volume requirements, thinner, and material cost estimates based on the Dry Film Thickness, Solid Volume, Theoretical Spreading Rate, and paint loss factors. The results show that the total paint and thinner requirements can be estimated accurately, with a total cost of Rp 310.000.000. The implementation of the Just In Time (JIT) method results in more efficient material delivery planning, reduces potential waste, and accelerates the repair process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Haslindah, Juswan Sade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Work Accident Potential Using the Hazard Analysis and Operability Study (HAZOP) Method in Bulk Cargo Loading and Unloading Processes
The bulk cargo loading and unloading process is an important part of sea and port transportation. Bulk cargo such as fertilizers, kernels, and wheat has a high risk that can endanger workers and the environment, so identification and analysis of potential hazards is needed at every stage of operation to maintain the safety and smooth loading and unloading process. This research aims to identify potential hazards that occur, provide an assessment of the risk level, and provide solutions for actions or improvements to potential risks that can occur during the process of loading and unloading fertilizer bulk cargo at Makassar Port. This research can contribute to encouraging increased compliance of Makassar Port employees to the implementation of K3 management, which not only protects personal safety, but also supports performance improvement and this research also enriches the author's knowledge through empirical experience, addition of scientific references, and the application of concepts that have been obtained during lectures. Analysis of potential occupational safety risks in the loading and unloading of bulk fertilizer cargo activities using the Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) method. To analyze it, it requires a literature study, data collection in the form of observations, interviews, and questionnaires, then identifying/formulating problems with the level of hazard/risk of work accidents, then classifying the risk matrix and providing solutions for corrective actions from the potential risk of occupational accident hazards. The analysis of the highest risk level was obtained in loading and unloading operations at the port and in the warehouse area which then became a reference for designing appropriate corrective action solutions so that the level of occupational safety risks at the Port of Makassar could be reduced, thereby creating a safer, more efficient, and productive work environment for all parties involved in bulk fertilizer cargo loading and unloading activities. The results obtained are how much potential danger is obtained, an assessment of likelihood, consequence, and severity in order to determine the level of low, medium, high, and extreme risk and provide the best solution in taking more targeted preventive measures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mustika Nur Hasanah, Juwan Sade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Safety Risk Analysis of LCT Type RoRo Vessel Berthing Process Using FMEA and Fuzzy FMEA Methods
The berthing process of Roll-on/Roll-off (RoRo) vessels of the Landing Craft Tank (LCT) type at Company X presents significant operational risks. This study analyzes safety risks using the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and fuzzy FMEA methods. The highest RPN values from FMEA were found in ramp door placement (RPN = 50), safety cone installation (RPN = 48), and vehicle access (RPN = 45). Fuzzy FMEA identified ramp door risk (D20) as the top priority with FPRN = 134. Risk controls were proposed using the hierarchy of controls. Data were gathered from observations, interviews, and questionnaires with nine respondents. The integrated approach provided a more objective and practical risk analysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Putri Dinul Koyyimah, Destyariani Liana Putri, Adiek Astika Clara Sudarni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Accumulation, Composition, Density, and Volume of Marine Litter on Palu Bay
Marine litter poses an increasing threat to the coastal ecosystem of Palu Bay, Indonesia, driven by contrasting land-based human activities. This study assessed the accumulation, composition, density, and volume of macro-debris (>2.5 cm) at four coastal stations representing residential, river-influenced, and tourism-dominated areas. Surveys were conducted from June to September 2025 using a line transect method. The results showed marked spatial differences in marine litter characteristics. Residential and river-influenced sites (Baiya and Mamboro Beaches) recorded the highest debris weights (4003.67–4378.22 g/m²), dominated by heavier household waste transported via river systems. In contrast, tourism areas (Taman Ria and Kampung Nelayan Beaches) exhibited lower debris weights (1697.67–1892.37 g/m²) but significantly higher item densities (14.46–17.28 items/m²) and volumes, reflecting the dominance of lightweight, single-use plastics from recreational activities. Plastic debris dominated all stations, exceeding 94% in tourism zones. These findings demonstrate a clear dichotomy in litter sources and characteristics between tourism and residential areas, underscoring the need for targeted management strategies. Effective mitigation should prioritize single-use plastic restrictions, adequate waste facilities, and visitor awareness in tourism areas, alongside improved household waste collection and riverine waste control in residential watersheds. Such source-specific approaches are essential for sustainable coastal management in Palu Bay and comparable semi-enclosed bays.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roni Hermawan, Nur Hasanah, Muhamad Saleh Nurdin, Aswad Eka Putra, Musayyadah Tis'in, Femi Riza, Septina Fifi Mangintung, Andi Heryanti Rukka; Eko Purwanto; Nurul Rizki Ramadhani, Nursalwa Nursalwa, Charlos Daniel Darae, Fitra Harry Utama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Resistance Values for Various Patrol Vessel Step Hull Geometry Variations Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
-Abstract This study investigates the effect of stepped hull geometry variations on the hydrodynamic resistance of a patrol vessel operating in Morowali waters. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to evaluate the resistance performance of an existing hull and eight stepped hull configurations at an operating speed of 30 knots. The parameters investigated include step spacing, spray strip angle, and spray strip configuration. The results demonstrate that the application of stepped hull geometry generally reduces total resistance compared to the baseline hull. The optimal configuration, Model S3 with a 1.0 m step spacing and a 60° spray angle, achieved the lowest resistance of 28,384.1 N, corresponding to a reduction of 7.34%. From an engineering perspective, this reduction is significant, as lower resistance directly contributes to improved fuel efficiency, extended operational range, and enhanced endurance of patrol vessels during maritime surveillance operations.
Design of Fishery and Ocean Building Product
Copyright (c) 2026 Fitri Hardiyanti, Agung Prasetyo Utomo, Athallah Bintang Rahagi, I Putu Arta Wibawa, Desi Tri Cahyaningati, Aang Wahidin, Miftachuddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design of a Modular Revetment Using Recycled Tires for Coastal Protection Mitigation at Amal Baru Beach, Tarakan
Costal abrasion in Tarakan City requires a protection system that is not only structurally effective but also economically feasible and implementable through community-based approaches. This study aims to design a modular revetment structure using recycled tires filled with concrete and compacted sand based on a design-based analytical approach. Wave transformation analysis at a depth of -0.52 meters indicates significant wave heights ranging from 1.19 to 1.70 meters, which serve as the primary basis for stability calculations using the Hudson formula with a conservative stability coefficient 1.25. The results show that a single concrete-filled tire unit weighs approximately 285 kg, and five units are required to form the primary armor layer with a height of 1.20 meters. To achieve the design crest elevation of +1.95 meters relative to HHWL, additional secondary protection layers and a toe protection system made of quarry stones were incorporated, resulting in a total structural height of 2.40 meters. Sensitivity analysis indicates that variations in significant wave height strongly influence the required weight of armor, whereas changes in material density produce more moderate effects. Compared with conventional stone revetments, the modular tire system offers greater flexibility, ease of installation without heavy equipment, and supports circular-economy principles through the reuse of waste tires. The implementation plan adopts a participatory appriach by engaging local fishermen and coastal communities in material collection, assembly, and maintenance activities. This study provides a sustainable, low-cost, and adaptive alternative for coastal protection that can be replicated in other shoreline areas with similar environment conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Edy Utomo, Muhammad Djaya Bakri, Azis Susanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Literature Review: Analysis of Coastal Vulnerability and Comprehensive Adaptation Strategies in Padang City, West Sumatra
Coastal areas in Indonesia, including Padang City, face increasing vulnerability due to a combination of natural processes and human activities. This literature review synthesizes findings from various studies to assess the dimensions of coastal vulnerability and adaptation strategies, with a focus on Padang City, West Sumatra. The review reveals that major issues include abrasion, seawater intrusion, tidal flooding, ecosystem degradation, and limited adaptive capacity of coastal communities. Physical vulnerability is influenced by factors such as building density, land subsidence, ecosystem degradation, and inadequate adaptive infrastructure, while socio-economic and institutional challenges include weak governance, limited funding, and low community participation. Studies in different regions demonstrate that effective adaptation requires a combination of physical engineering, ecosystem-based approaches, socio-economic diversification, and institutional integration. For Padang City, the high exposure to coastal hazards, coupled with dependence on marine-based livelihoods, underscores the urgency of comprehensive adaptation strategies. These strategies should be proactive, data-driven, and involve cross-sector collaboration, integrating coastal vulnerability assessments into urban planning, policy frameworks, and community capacity-building efforts. Without such integrated approaches, Padang faces escalating risks to its environmental sustainability, socio-economic resilience, and long-term development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Midratul Fardilla, Ilham Salsabila, Zeus Marullah Aswin, Eni Kamal, Abdul Razak, Widya Prarikeslan, Mhd. Ridha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Shoreline Change Analysis on Enggano Island Using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS): A Case Study of Kahyapu, Kaana, and Malakoni Villages
Coastal shoreline change is a dynamic process that significantly affects coastal ecosystems and human activities. This study quantitatively analyzed shoreline changes along the coast of Enggano Island, Bengkulu Province, during the period 1993–2025, focusing on Kahyapu, Kaana, and Malakoni Villages. Shoreline extraction was performed using Landsat imagery from 1993, 2009, and 2025 after radiometric and geometric corrections, employing the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) and tidal correction based on MIKE 21 modeling and bathymetric data. Shoreline change rates were calculated using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) with 2,052 transects at 10 m spacing and the parameters Net Shoreline Movement (NSM), End Point Rate (EPR), and Linear Regression Rate (LRR). The results indicate that shoreline retreat due to erosion dominates all study areas. During 1993–2009, average erosion rates ranged from −0.42 to −0.63 m/year and increased markedly during 2009–2025, reaching up to −1.26 m/year in Malakoni Village. Long-term trend analysis for 1993–2025 shows the highest erosion rate in Malakoni (−0.87 m/year), followed by Kaana (−0.56 m/year) and Kahyapu (−0.44 m/year). Accretion occurred only locally and at relatively low rates, insufficient to offset land loss. These findings confirm that the coastal areas of Enggano Island are highly vulnerable to continuous erosion and emphasize the need for integrated and sustainable coastal management strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arsyi Dafa Maulidan, Besperi, Agustin Gunawan, Khairul Amri, Gusta Gunawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of Maintenance Program and Improvement of Wire Crane Performance by Mitigating Risks in the Loading and Unloading Process of the MV. Hanglima
Wire cranes play a crucial role in the loading and unloading process on ships, especially in ports lacking land-based crane facilities. However, several problems were encountered on the MV Hanglima, including wire rope damage, overloading, and poor operational risk mitigation. This study aims to analyze wire crane maintenance, optimize its performance, and identify mitigation strategies for potential damage and accidents. The study employed a case study approach with thematic analysis, through observation, interviews, and documentation on board the MV Hanglima. The results indicate that the frequency of wire crane maintenance depends on the intensity of use and the working environment. Lifting loads exceeding safe limits can accelerate wire rope damage and reduce crane operational efficiency. Furthermore, lack of operator training, negligence in the use of personal protective equipment, and weak communication systems contribute to the increased risk of workplace accidents. Effective mitigation strategies include regular inspections, the use of load sensors, routine lubrication, and the implementation of emergency response standard operating procedures (SOPs). In conclusion, optimizing maintenance programs and integrated risk mitigation can improve wire crane performance and support the smooth and safe loading and unloading process on board.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raihan Gymnastiar Usman Usman, Supangat Supangat, Kuncowati Kuncowati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Communication Forms and SMCP English Language Standards in the Maritime World to Support International Shipping Safety at MT. Tonda Source
Effective communication and structured language standards are key elements in ensuring the safety of international shipping. This article discusses the process between ships and related parties, such as control vessels, as well as between on the high seas, with a focus on the importance of using STANDARD MARITIME COMMUNICATION PHRASES (SMCP) developed by the INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO). SMCP is designed to reduce misunderstandings in emergency and operational situations. This study explores the implementation of SMCP in various scenarios, such as port maneuvers, communication in bad weather, and emergency evacuation, using case studies and simulations. The results of the analysis indicate that obstacles such as cultural differences, accents, and training incompatibilities can affect communication effectiveness. Thus, recommendations are given to improve seafarer training and the integration of modern communication technology to support global shipping safety. The research framework is that all ship operational activities have a very important thing, especially the operation of communication and navigation equipment on board, so it is necessary to conduct an analysis in this study. One effort to improve the understanding of ship watch officers about the operation of communication and navigation equipment above is to conduct routine checks and evaluations of the training. so that the watch officers can understand the importance of safety when sailing on the high seas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arya Nabil Abyan, Supangat, Kuncowati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimalisasi Abandon The Ship Drill di atas Km.Bintan Utama Dalam Upaya Peningkatan Keselamatan Pelayaran
This study analyzes the implementation and optimization of the “Abandon the Ship Drill” aboard KM. Bintan Utama to enhance maritime safety. The research examines the effectiveness of the drill, crew readiness, procedural compliance, communication, and encountered obstacles. The study employed observation, interviews, and documentation methods. The results indicate a good level of compliance with standard operating procedures (85%) and full utilization of lifeboats (100%). However, communication barriers (30%) and inconsistencies in the use of life jackets (90%) were identified. Mental preparedness of the crew and the frequency of drills require improvement. Recommendations include enhanced training programs, improved communication exercises, and continuous evaluation to optimize maritime safety.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maulana Alghivary, Kuncowati, Nyoman Ardiana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mapping the Implementation of Maxsurf Software to Marine Vehicle Simulation
Maxsurf software is a software that can help in simulating modeling aspects, especially marine vehicles. However, the modeling is still limited to large-dimensional marine vehicles. The aim of this study was to map the potential use of Maxsurf software as a simulation tool for small marine vessels used by fishermen. The mapping was conducted by reviewing articles related to Maxsurf's use based on its modeling, resistance, and stability.The research method used is a Publish or Perish literature search and VOSviewer bibliometric analysis. Articles on the use of Maxsurf software from 2015-2025 were obtained from international journals indexed by Google Scholar and Scopus, with the main keyword Maxsurf. The search results on Publish or Perish obtained 42 articles related to the use of maxsurf on large-dimension ships. The distribution of maxsurf use is found in 42 articles with 7 articles (2022 and 2021), 6 articles (2025, 2023, and 2020), 3 articles (2018), 4 article (2024), and 1 article (2019, 2016, and 2015). The general topic studied in the research is design analysis with the most frequently used maxsurf, namely the combination of maxsurf modeller – resistance in 18 article. Research trends are visualized using VOSviewer with the relationship between research topics and keywords. There are 6 main clusters, including; cluster 1 (12); cluster 2 (5); cluster 3 (2); cluster 4 (9); cluster 5 (10); cluster 6 (11). This phenomenon shows that the distribution of topics is still low by looking at the research trend which has decreased over the past 10 years.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Ilham Ramadhani, Andie Murtono, Ahmad Dzulfikri Halimi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Risk Analysis in the Fabrication Workshop Using the Hirarc Method at PT. XYZ
In the work process, there is a potential danger from the lowest to the highest, with this prevention and control efforts can be carried out. The potential risk of danger is not only in the work process, but also in the mismanagement or operation of work tools, and the use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment). The implementation of Occupational Health and Safety (K3) is an important aspect that companies need to pay attention to in an effort to reduce various operational potentials in every production activity. Seeing the problem, this research was carried out to reduce the potential danger of fabrication workshops in cutting, welding and grinding work at PT. XYZ The purpose of this research is to identify hazards, risk assessment in accordance with ISO 45001:2018 and risk control using the HIRARC (Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, Risk Control) method. The results of this study can be known the factors that are potential hazards found 14 main factors that have the potential to cause work accidents in 6 activities, namely material removal, cutting (CNC & oxy-fuel gas), welding, grinding and housekeeping. Based on the risk level assessment in accordance with the provisions of the ISO 45001:2018 standard with a risk matrix that measures the level of severity and likelihood, the average result is in the Medium Risk category with a score range of 4-10, while some activities are in the Low Risk category, although there is no risk categorized as High Risk, the fabrication workshop requires comprehensive risk control. Risk control measures include engineering control, administrative control, the use of PPE, as well as the regulation of work ergonomic techniques to have the right control approach to reduce the risk of accidents and diseases caused by work.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Raykhan Sehatta, Akhmad Basuki Widodo Widodo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Implementation of the ISPS Code on the MV Oriental Jade
The implementation of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code is a crucial effort to ensure ship security, particularly when vessels are berthed or anchored in high-risk areas. However, in practice, not all ships apply these standards optimally. This study aims to evaluate the application of the ISPS Code in watchkeeping operations aboard MV Oriental Jade, particularly after a theft incident that occurred while the vessel was anchored at Belawan Port. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach with a case study method. Data were collected through observation, interviews with ship officers, and supporting documentation. The results indicate that although the ship's watchkeeping procedures formally adhere to the ISPS Code and the STCW 1978 Amendment 2010, practical implementation remains suboptimal. Several challenges were identified, including limited personnel, crew fatigue, lack of security training, and insufficient supporting facilities such as CCTV and communication devices. Security improvement efforts onboard remain reactive and lack systematic structure. This study recommends regular training, proper supervision, and the provision of adequate supporting equipment to ensure the effective and sustainable implementation of the ISPS Code onboard.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zidan Alwi Himawan, Ari Sriantini, Nyoman Ardiana Listriyawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Sistem Penataan Lashing Muatan Di Kapal Ro-Ro Sebagai Upaya dalam Meningkatkan Keselamatan Pelayaran
Cargo arrangement and lashing systems on Ro-Ro vessels play an important role in maintaining ship stability and navigation safety. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of cargo arrangement and securing practices on a Ro Ro vessel and to identify the factors affecting their performance. The research employed a quantitative descriptive method through direct observation, literature review, and questionnaires distributed to 10 crew members of KM Mutiara Ferindo 5. The results show that 70% of the crew had not received formal training, 40% considered the lashing process not yet in accordance with standards, and 50% stated that full lashing was only carried out during bad weather conditions. The main problems identified include the absence of written standard operating procedures, worn lashing equipment, and inconsistent supervision. This study recommends the preparation of standard operating procedures and a Cargo Securing Manual, regular technical training, and periodic inspection and renewal of lashing equipment to improve navigation safety and reduce the risk of cargo shifting.
Ocean Transportation Management and Shipping Technology Applications
Galih Sakti Cahyo Samudro Armando Agustiawan
Copyright (c) 2026 Galih Sakti Cahyo Samudro Armando Agustiawan, Kuncowati Kuncowati, Supangat Supangat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biological Review of Squid (Stenoteuthis oualaniensis) in North Sulawesi (Case Study of Squid Caught in Motto Waters, North Lembeh, Bitung City)
Fishing with the target of squid by fishermen in the Motto Village is a hereditary cultural fishing and has been going on for a long time. The research on squid’s biology of Motto village is important to support this fishing activities The purpose of this study was to identify squid caught based on biology in the waters of the Motto Village. The method used in this research is descriptive research method. The research was conducted during September to November 2021. Data was collected through observation and interviews. The results obtained indicated that the squids caught in Motto waters were a Stenoteuthis oualaniensis. Maximum mantle length 23 cmML, minimum mantle length 9.6 cmML with an average of 11.80 cm ML. Maximum weight of 500 grams, minimum weight of 10 grams with an average of 70 grams. The results of the length-weight ratio obtained the value of R2 was 0.7929 where the determination or effect of the length variation of the mantle on the weight variation of the squid was 79.29%. The growth pattern of squid are negative allometric or length increase more dominant than weight increase.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Zainul Arifin, Rudi Saranga, Samuel Hamel, Jul Manohas, Elsari T. Putri, Lusje Antou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Reduction Cost of Assembly Block Side Shell 1A (SS 1A) Using Critical Path Method (CPM) in Hospital Ship Project
Abstract The hospital ship project is a major project that has a long period of time, with limited space allocation and human resources as well. In order to avoid problems for PT XXX related to project completion, namely experiencing delays, where many factors affect the course of the project, an improvement analysis is needed for optimization. Optimization is done by scheduling a new project with the hope that in the next similar project PT XXX will not experience similar problems. Using Critical Path Method (CPM) analysis, the assembly process of Block Side Sheel 1A (SS 1A) on the Hospital Ship Project has a work network analysis with acceleration on activities E-F-G-J-K-L-M-N-S, through analysis steps using overtime. Thus it takes an acceleration cost of Rp. 6,943,510, or an additional cost of 32.26% of the initial cost to minimize the time from 64 days to 37 days, so that there is no delay in future hospital projects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suharyoko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Seakeeping Performance and Passenger Comfort Assessment of a 300 GT Ro-Ro Ferry Using RAO, MSI, and MII Analyses
This study examines the motion response and onboard comfort of a Ro-Ro ferry under varying wave directions and speeds using the Response Amplitude Operator (RAO), Motion Sickness Incidence (MSI), and motion-induced interruptions (MII) as evaluation parameters. Simulations were conducted using Maxsurf Motion software with wave heights of 3 m and 3.5 m and encounter angles of 0° (following seas), 90° (beam seas), and 180° (head seas) at vessel speeds of 0 and 12 knots. The MSI was assessed using both simulation results and empirical calculations, whereas the MII was evaluated according to the ISO 2631 standards at three onboard locations: the passenger, navigation, and vehicle decks. The RAO results indicate that the vessel met the NORDFORSK (1987) motion criteria under following and head seas but exceeded the roll limits in beam seas. The MSI values remained within the moderate comfort range, except under head seas at 12 kn, where the values approached the alert thresholds. The MII remained within acceptable levels under most conditions, although probable interruption levels were observed on the passenger and vehicle decks during beam sea conditions. Overall, the findings emphasize that wave direction and vessel speed significantly influence motion-induced discomfort and operational performance, underscoring the importance of optimizing route planning and speed to improve passenger safety and seakeeping performance on roll-on/roll-off ferries.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jusma Wahidah, Vidya Rezeki Ariani, Alamsyah, Amalia Ika Wulandari, Wardina Suwedy, Chris Jeremy Verian Sitorus, Hariyono, Harlian Kustiwansa, Cindy Lionita Agusty, Muhammad Anjas Syam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Organic Matter and Chlorine Levels in Watu Kenong Coastal Waters, Situbondo
The coastal area that has potential natural resources both tourism and coral conservation in Situbondo Regency, East Java, is the coastal area in Bungatan District. In Bungatan, there are several beaches along the Pantura as marine tourism objects, one of them called Watu Kenong Beach. A case reported online in June 2025 where there was a complaint from a marine community group to local government about an extensive coral reef’s damage in Watu Kenong covering a dozen hectares area. The purpose of this study is to determine the concentration of organic matter and chlorine in Watu Kenong waters as an initial study material for evaluating the water quality of Watu Kenong waters in order to assist the research in the rehabilitation process of coral reefs. Water sampling locations are divided into 3 parts, namely location 1 at the Pasir Putih area, locations 2 and location 3 at the Watu Kenong section. Research method used is descriptive method. The value of organic matter parameters in the waters of Watu Kenong and its surroundings is in the range of 79.63 - 97.33 mg/L. The chlorine parameter value is 0.01 mg/L at 3 water sampling locations. The conclusion of this research are the organic matter has higher level that exceed the normal threshold and it can be considered as a pollution. The chlorine concentration is below the threshold so it is in good condition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anita Diah Pahlewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study Of Lavatory Installation Methods On Ship Landing Platforms
Landing Platform Dock (LPD) ships as amphibious warships with complex accommodation systems, including lavatory installations, require effective and efficient installation methods. This study was motivated by the need to compare two lavatory installation methods, namely the conventional method and the modular method, in an effort to increase productivity and reduce the amount of rework in the construction of LPD ships. The research method used is the direct observation method at the national shipyard, with data collection through installation time records, number of man hours, material costs, and number of rework events. Data were analyzed using a quantitative descriptive approach by comparing these variables in each type of lavatory. In this study, 3 types of lavatory with different dimensions and shapes were used. The modular method which requires 10-14 days to complete has proven to be significantly more efficient in terms of implementation time compared to the conventional method with results of 19-25 days according to the type of lavatory. Likewise in the number of man-hours needed, which reached 384-480 JO for the conventional method and 264-456 JO for the modular method in the three types of work. The costs incurred for this production require IDR 67,880,890 - IDR 81,377,090 for the modular method and IDR 71,682,490 - IDR 87,713,090 for the conventional method. Thus, the modular method has proven to be more effective in increasing productivity and reducing the cost of installing a better lavatory.
Copyright (c) 2025 Musa Musa, Ali Munazid , Bagiyo Suwasono , Didik Hardianto, Sutiyo Sutiyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Experimental Study on The Effect of Epoxy Zinc and Thinner Ratio on Platform Structure Coating Quality
Paint serves as a coating material that provides aesthetic value, adhesive strength, and protection to surfaces from environmental corrosion. The one of critical aspect is the paint and thinner ratio, which can influence adhesive strength and the performance of protection. This experimental study investigates the effect of varying ratios of epoxy zinc paint (Avantguard 750) and thinner (08450) on adhesion strength and drying rate. Paint was mixed with thinner at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the paint's volume. Steel plates were used as test specimens, coated via spray method. Adhesion quality was assessed using the “X–Cut Test” and “Cross Cut Tape Test” based on ASTM D3359 Methods A and B and the adhesion tests showed excellent results with a rating 5, indicating no peeling. Drying quality was evaluated using the “Solvent Rub” method according to ASTM D4752-20. Dry tests also have positive results with a rating 5 within 6 to 24 hours. The findings suggest that variations in thinner concentration do not significantly affect adhesion strength or drying time.
Copyright (c) 2025 Novi Anggiat Lasma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Indonesian Natural Materials for Sustainable Ocean Structures: Synergizing Nibung Wood Characterization, Fiber Composites, and Processing Innovations
This research explores the potential of Indonesian natural materials - specifically Nibung wood (Oncosperma tigillarium) and vegetable fibers (jute, ironwood) - for sustainable ocean structures. The literature review focused on: (1) mechanical and physical characterization of Nibung wood; (2) optimization of Nibung-fiber thermoplastic composites using the Taguchi-GRA method; (3) evaluation of jute fiber resistance to seawater uptake; and (4) innovation of traditional Bajau modular connection techniques. The narrative-thematic method categorizes the findings based on material characteristics, surface modification, structural performance, and marine tidal applications. Results showed Nibung wood has strength class II-III (density 0.53 g/cm³; MOE 5,848 MPa; MOR 4,325 MPa), optimized Nibung-rPP WPC (<2% water absorption, tensile strength >30 MPa), and jute fibers experienced ≤10% impact reduction after 84 days of sea immersion. Bajau- style modular joint detailing improved airflow and minimized moisture accumulation. Recommendations include integration of Nibung wood in local thermoplastic WPC, alkali-coupling treatment, and adaptation of modular joints for modern oceanstructures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bintang Natan Sitorus, Mochammad Fathurridho Hermanto, Nafisa Nandalianadhira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Productivity Analisys of Rubber Tyred Gantry Crane (TRG) and Head Truck (HT) at Makassar New Container Terminal (Terminal 1)
The increasing trend of global trade and maritime supply chain has driven container terminals to pursue operational efficiency and equipment productivity. This study aims to evaluate the productivity of Rubber Tyred Gantry Crane (RTG) and Head Truck (HT) at Makassar New Container Terminal (Terminal 1), an important logistics hub in Eastern Indonesia. Productivity was measured through direct field observation and data collection during loading and unloading operations. Five RTGs and five HTs were analyzed for a period of one hour. The level of loading and unloading productivity at Makassar New Container Terminal (Terminal 1) is categorized as good according to the Regulation of the Director General of Sea Transportation. The productivity of RTG equipment with an average unloading process of 28 container boxes/hour and a loading process of 31 container boxes/hour. Meanwhile, for HT equipment, it reaches 5 container boxes/hour for the unloading process and 7 boxes/hour for the loading process. This analysis highlights the differences in handling efficiency between equipment types, emphasizing the need for equipment optimization. These findings contribute to understanding terminal performance and support future operational improvements.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rifkah Fitriah Zulkifli, Rusnaedi Rusi, Muslihati; Andi Ningrat, Misliah, Mohammad Rizal Firmansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Current Energy and Power Generation in the Sunda Strait through Hydrodynamic Modeling with Delft3D and Turbine Evaluation
The rapid population growth in Indonesia has significantly driven up energy demand, creating challenges in meeting these needs due to the declining availability of fossil fuels, the main source of power for most energy plants. Given Indonesia’s geographical position as a maritime nation with nearly six million square kilometers of ocean and over eighty-one thousand kilometers of coastline, the country has immense potential for harnessing ocean currents, waves, and tidal energy to develop renewable energy sources. Exploring these unconventional energy resources is crucial for meeting the country’s future energy demands. One of the most promising locations for Ocean Current Power Plants is the Sunda Strait. This research aims to model the ocean currents in the Sunda Strait, using Delft-3D software to assess its potential for Ocean Current Power plant development. The study also includes initial mapping of high-potential areas for energy production. Results from three observation points Sragi, Rimaubalak, and Sangiang indicate that the waters around Sangiang are most suitable for Ocean Current Power Plants with average currents of 0.86 m/s and a maximum of 4.77 m/s in 2023 also 0.938 m/s with maximum 5.20 m/s in 2024. For energy generation, the Gorlov turbine is particularly effective, producing 10642 kW in 2023 and 21285 kW in 2024, albeit with an efficiency of 36.52%. The Darrieus turbine showed a higher efficiency of 45.05%, though it generated slightly less power. Both turbines are deemed highly viable for further development in the Sunda Strait, offering a significant step toward Indonesia's renewable energy goals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suciana Suciana, Elsa Rizkiya Kencana, Rayhan Al-Ghazali, Sumartini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Information System Design for Material and Interim Product Store Department in an Indonesian Small Shipyard
The ship production process at shipyards involves complex and critical information that must be managed effectively to ensure timely project completion. Ambiguities or delays in information exchange among departments can result in project setbacks and increased costs, which reduce revenue and undermine competitiveness. To address this, each department involved in ship construction must adopt an information system that ensures efficient communication both internally and across departments. Key information includes requirements for raw materials, consumables, workforce, production facilities, equipment, and the production methods used at each stage—factors that directly affect cost allocation. In many small shipyards across Indonesia, information is still processed and shared manually, leading to significant delays and inefficiencies. There is an urgent need for a digital information system tailored to the specific functions of each department and designed to facilitate smooth interdepartmental interaction. However, prior to system development, it is essential to understand and map the information flows within and between departments. This study focuses on the materials and interim products department, a critical part of the ship production process. The aim is to identify and map the internal information flows of this department and propose a suitable digital information system for implementation in small-scale Indonesian shipyards. By doing so, the research contributes to improving production efficiency and supports digital transformation in the domestic shipbuilding industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Rizal Firmansyah, Syamsul Asri, Farianto Fachruddin, Wahyuddin Wahyuddin, Fadhil Rizki Clausthaldi, Muhammad Rusydi Alwi, Muhammad Rezky Pratama Haris, Muhammad Risqan Khalis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis Of Fbb Block (Fore Bulbous Bow) Scheduling Using The PDM Method
Shipyards play a direct role in the development of maritime transportation in Indonesia. A shipyard is a special place equipped with facilities to support the process of building, repairing and maintaining ships. Scheduling is an important part of a new ship building project, apart from prioritizing a minimum budget and maximizing project quality. Careful project scheduling planning will support the achievement of production targets, both in quantity and quality. A shipyard in Surabaya must have its own innovation and advantages to face these challenges in order to compete with domestic and foreign shipbuilding companies. Therefore, work scheduling must be prepared using effective and efficient methods. In determining scheduling, there are several influencing factors, such as the number of workers, level of work difficulty, production facilities, and material availability. This research aims to optimize processing time planning for ship X's FBB block (rescheduling) based on various delay factors to obtain the fastest processing time for the production process. The results of accelerating critical activities using the PDM method with the alternative of additional labor are considered more efficient, where the actual duration can be accelerated by 35.6%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Akhmad Amrozi, Intan Baroroh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0