Maritime Park: Journal of Maritime Technology and Society
Maritime Park: Journal Of Maritime Technology and Society (e-ISSN: 2828-6669 p-ISSN: 2828-7010) has been accredited Sinta 3 from the Directorate General of Higher Education Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology. is open access journal published by the Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University in February, June, and October each year. Maritime Park Journal employs a blind peer review system in its article evaluation process. The identities of both authors and reviewers are kept confidential to ensure objectivity in the review process. Each submitted article is reviewed by at least two expert reviewers in the relevant field before a publication decision is made. The peer review process here..
Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University
Enhancing Seafarers’ Self-Awareness and Emergency Decisions through Bridge Simulator Training
This study examines the association between Bridge Simulator training, seafarers’ self-awareness, and emergency decision-making performance. A quantitative correlational design was employed involving 105 active seafarers who had participated in certified bridge simulator training. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire measuring perceived training quality, self-awareness, and emergency decision-making performance. Spearman’s rho correlation analysis revealed a strong positive association between Bridge Simulator training and self-awareness (ρ = 0.764), as well as between Bridge Simulator training and emergency decision-making performance (ρ = 0.744). These findings indicate that higher perceived quality of simulator training is associated with higher levels of self-awareness and decision-making performance in emergency contexts. The study contributes empirical evidence on the psychological and cognitive dimensions associated with simulator-based maritime training and highlights implications for maritime education and safety training.
Marine Transportation and Port Management
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Comparison of Mangrove and Coastal Ecosystem Management Strategies between Padang City (Indonesia) and Port Dickson (Malaysia) to Support Coastal Resilience
Mangrove and coastal ecosystems play a critical role in enhancing coastal resilience; however, their effectiveness strongly depends on governance arrangements and management strategies. This study applies a qualitative comparative case study approach integrating a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and field observations to compare mangrove and coastal ecosystem management strategies in Padang City (Indonesia) and Port Dickson (Malaysia). A structured comparative framework was used to assess biophysical conditions, governance structures, monitoring capacity, community participation, and contributions to ecological, institutional, and social resilience. The results indicate that Padang City possesses larger mangrove extent and higher species diversity, supporting stronger ecological and social resilience, but is constrained by fragmented governance and weak enforcement. Port Dickson exhibits smaller and fragmented mangrove areas with clearer institutional authority and periodic monitoring, yet limited social–ecological integration. The findings highlight that effective coastal resilience requires integrating strong regulatory frameworks, community engagement, and consistent long-term monitoring.
Marine Environment and Disaster Management
Analysis of Differences in Mooring Service Time between the Statement of Facts and Pranota: A Case Study of ITL Shipping Agency Balikpapan Branch and PT. Pelindo Balikpapan Branch
This study aims to analyze the factors that cause the difference in mooring service time between the Statement of Fact (SoF) issued by ITL Shipping Agency and the Pranota issued by PT Pelindo Balikpapan Branch. The research method employed was a qualitative method with a case study approach, with analysis conducted using fishbone diagrams to identify the gaps that emerged. The results of the study show that the main causes of time differences are seen from six aspects: Man, Machine, Method, Measurement, Material, and Mother Nature. This condition results in differences in the recording of mooring times, which have a direct effect on the calculation of mooring service costs and differences in bill values. This study emphasizes that improvement efforts need to be focused on improving the competence of Human Resources (HR), synchronizing the time recording system, strengthening the socialization of SOPs, optimizing document verification, and standardizing the time reference using UTC+08:00. These strategic steps are considered important to minimize time mismatches in the future and ensure the smooth and accurate process of mooring services at the Port of Balikpapan.
Management of the Plant Quarantine Release Certificate in the Loading and Unloading Process at PT. Ciomas Ariya Samudera
This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Plant Quarantine Release Certificate management in supporting the smooth loading and unloading process of dry bulk at PT Ciomas Ariya Samudera. Plant Quarantine Release Certificate are quarantine requirements that must be met for the import of plant-based feed commodities, such as soybean meal (SBM), into Indonesia. The research method used a qualitative case study approach through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation studies of administrative and operational processes. The results show that internal Plant Quarantine Release Certificate management can be said to be effective because it has been carried out systematically through document requirement planning, implementation of procedures according to SOPs, and supervision of document storage. However, its effectiveness is still hampered by several external factors such as weather, as well as technical disruptions to the online system, so it requires revision, re-coordination, or manual alternatives so that the process is not hampered. These obstacles result in delayed loading and unloading processes, increased logistics costs, and the risk of losses for animal feed company partners. Therefore, it is necessary to increase synergy between the company and relevant agencies, strengthen integrated digital systems, and conduct regular training to improve responsiveness to policy changes.
Comparative Thermal Performance Analysis of Nipah Palm Fiber and Expanded Polystyrene as Sustainable Cool Box Insulation for Small-Scale Fisheries
Small-scale fishermen in the Sangihe Islands rely heavily on expanded polystyrene (EPS) cool boxes to preserve fish during transit, yet these synthetic materials are environmentally problematic and economically limiting. This study experimentally evaluates Nipah palm fiber (Nypah fruticans), an abundant coastal biomass waste, as a sustainable insulation alternative for pumpboat-based fisheries. Three cooler box configurations were comparatively tested under controlled tropical conditions (31°C ±2°C ambient temperature) over a 12-hour period: (1) standard EPS insulation (20 mm), (2) raw compressed Nipah fiber (30 mm), and (3) a hybrid composite combining compressed Nipah fiber (30 mm) with a reflective aluminum layer. Thermal performance was assessed through continuous internal, external, and fish-core temperature monitoring at 30-minute intervals. Results demonstrate a clear hierarchy in insulation efficiency. The hybrid Nipah configuration achieved the lowest warming rate (0.167°C/hour), nearly three times slower than the EPS control. After 12 hours, the hybrid system-maintained fish temperature at 0.4°C, compared to 4.8°C in the EPS box. The improved performance is attributed to the dense lignocellulosic fiber structure, which enhances air entrapment and reduces conductive heat transfer, while the aluminum layer minimizes radiant heat gain. These findings confirm that Nipah palm waste provides a cost-effective, locally available, and environmentally sustainable insulation solution tailored to tropical maritime logistics. The adoption of Nipah-based bio-composite insulation has the potential to extend fish shelf life, reduce post-harvest losses, and decrease dependence on non-biodegradable synthetic polymers in traditional fisheries.
Welder Qualification Requirements for Midship Block Assembly of a 3702 GT Barge
Precise and efficient welding is required in the assembly and erection of the 3702 GT barge block system. A mismatch between the number of welders available and actual needs in the field can affect production time and cost efficiency. The purpose of this study is to determine the number of welders and electrodes required in the assembly of the 3702 GT midship barge block, which is expected to serve as a reference in the planning and management of welders and materials in the shipbuilding process. A quantitative approach was taken by collecting technical data, namely welding length, fillet volume, welder productivity, and work efficiency. The data was obtained from technical documents, field measurements, and three-dimensional modeling of the 3702 GT midship barge block. The analysis results show that the total welding length in fabrication reaches 1.361 meters, while in erection it reaches 126 meters. with a welding volume of 31,184 cm³ and an electrode requirement of 326.39 kg. With the application of 35% work efficiency of welders in the field, the requirement for welders for the assembly of the midship barge block was eight welders with a duration of seven days.
Implementation of the Least Square Method in Tidal Harmonic Analysis Using Python Programming
This study aims to analyze the tidal characteristics in the southern coastal area of ​​Madura using the least squares-based harmonic analysis method with Python programming. This method is used to obtain tidal harmonic constants and determine the tidal type in the study area. The analysis results show that the M₂ component is the dominant component with an amplitude of 0.498 m, followed by the K₁, O₁, and S₂. The Formzahl value of 1.056 indicates that the tidal type in the southern coastal area of ​​Madura is a mixed tide tending to be semidiurnal. Model validation using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) produced a value of 0.201 m, indicating that the modeling results have a fairly good level of accuracy. The results of this study are expected to be a reference in the planning and management of coastal areas in Madura waters.
Mapping the Distribution of Sediment Types Using Core Sampling Methods on the Coast of Prancak Village, Bangkalan Regency, Indonesia
Prancak Village is a coastal village located in Sepulu Subdistrict, Bangkalan Regency, which has an important ecosystem in the form of coral reefs and seagrass beds. This study aims to map the distribution of bottom sediments and determine the influence of hydrodynamic conditions on sediment distribution. Data collection was conducted at 20 stations using a core sampler, and sediment samples were analyzed for granulometry in the laboratory. Supporting parameters such as currents, waves, tides, and bathymetry were also recorded. The results of this study show that bottom sediments in the coastal area of Prancak Village are dominated by sand with a sand content of 94.914-99.598% and silt and clay content ranging from 0.323-5.086%. The results of sediment classification showed that fine sand dominated at some points, while coarse mud dominated at other locations. The dominance of sandy sediments in the coastal area of Prancak Village creates substrate conditions that support seagrass growth and the sustainability of the coral reef ecosystem. This study provides information on the distribution of bottom sediments as a basis for coastal management and development planning, as well as erosion and sedimentation mitigation in the coastal area of Prancak Village, Bangkalan Regency.
Analysis Of Geomorphology Using the Coastal Vulnerability Index Method on the Coast of Prancak Village, Bangkalan Regency, Indonesia
Coastal areas are highly dynamic environments facing increasing threats from both natural processes and human activities, such as coastal erosion, sea level rise, and land use changes. Prancak Village is one such coastal area vulnerable to geomorphological changes. This study aims to assess coastal vulnerability through geomorphological analysis using the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) method. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources, including satellite imagery, field surveys, digital elevation models (DEMs), and data from relevant agencies. The analyzed parameters comprised coastal morphology, beach slope, shoreline change, wave height, and tidal range. The CVI calculation yielded a value of 6.93, which falls within the 5.8–10.06 range classified as “low vulnerability” (20–40% vulnerability level), indicating that the study site has relatively low susceptibility to the physical factors assessed Although the overall index is low, local physical dynamics still pose risks in certain areas, confirming that geomorphology and coastal ecosystem conditions are more decisive in determining vulnerability than oceanographic parameters such as wave height.
Analysis of the Relationship between Chlorophyll-a Concentration Variability and Sea Surface Temperature on ENSO and IOD Phenomena in the Waters of Sumenep, Madura Island
Indonesia’s marine environment is highly sensitive to global climate variability, particularly El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). This study analyzes the spatial and temporal variability of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a concentration and their relationship with ENSO and IOD in Sumenep waters, Madura Island. SST and chlorophyll-a data were derived from Aqua MODIS satellite observations for the period 2014–2024, while ENSO and IOD were represented by the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) and Dipole Mode Index (DMI). Data were analyzed using temporal trend analysis, spatial mapping, and Pearson correlation. The results show that SST fluctuated between 28.01 and 30.75 °C, with higher temperatures during El Niño phases and lower temperatures during La Niña phases. Chlorophyll-a exhibited relatively stable minimum values (0.178–0.217 mg/m³), while maximum values varied between 0.499 and 0.782 mg/m³, peaking in 2020. Pearson correlation analysis indicates a strong relationship between ENSO and SST (r = 0.791) and a very strong relationship with chlorophyll-a (r = 0.898). In contrast, IOD shows very weak correlations with SST (r = 0.074) and chlorophyll-a (r = 0.211). These findings confirm that ENSO is the dominant driver of SST and chlorophyll-a variability in Sumenep waters, with important implications for regional marine productivity.
Intelligence and Global Transportation Supply Chain Management: The Case of Oil and Gas Supply in the Gulf of Guinea
The Gulf of Guinea (GoG) is a critical artery for global oil and gas distribution, yet its supply chain is plagued by a complex risk ecosystem. This study investigates the imperative of intelligence management in mitigating these risks. Employing a mixed-methods approach, it integrates quantitative data from the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) and MDAT-GoG (2020-2024) with qualitative insights from focused group interviews with 12 security and industry experts. The findings reveal an evolution in maritime criminality towards armed robbery and theft, persistent infrastructure deficits that act as risk multipliers, and a critical "intelligence deficit" hindering proactive risk management. The study concludes that security threats, infrastructural decay, and geopolitical instability are interconnected. It recommends regional intelligence collaboration via the Yaoundé Architecture, route optimization using digital tools, massive infrastructural investment, and a sustainable regional security framework to secure the oil and gas supply chain.
Socio-Maritime Innovation and Community Engagement
Probabilistic Evaluation of Seawall Performance Against Wave Run-Up and Overtopping Under Variable Water Levels at Serui Fuel Terminal
Seawalls are one of the coastal protection structures commonly used to reduce the risk of wave overtopping, especially in critical coastal infrastructure. At the Fuel Terminal in Serui, overtopping events have been recorded causing damage to several facilities, even under moderate wave conditions. This study evaluates the performance of the existing seawall under the combined influence of probabilistic waves (H2%, H10%, H33%) and sea level variations (MSL and HWL). A 20-year wave dataset (2002–2021) obtained from ECMWF was statistically analyzed, followed by theoretical wave transformation toward the shoreline. Wave run-up was calculated based on the Iribarren-type formulation and empirical equations, in which the 2% exceedance run-up (R2%) was estimated using the probabilistic extreme wave height (H2%) following established empirical correlations for smooth seawalls. Overtopping discharge was estimated using an exponential formula and compared with established overtopping impact classifications. Results indicate that under High Water Level (HWL) conditions, all run-up values exceeded the seawall crest elevation (+1.93 m relative to MSL), with R2% reaching 3.3 m and a maximum overtopping discharge of 92 l/s/m, corresponding to a high functional damage risk. Wave overtopping does not compromise the structural integrity of the seawall but can cause significant functional damage to facilities and operation behind the wall. Even under MSL conditions, overtopping still occurred for extreme wave conditions (H2%), These results are consistent with field observations in 2020, confirming that the existing seawall geometry and smooth surface contribute to limited wave energy dissipation. Unlike conventional deterministic assessments, this study introduces a probabilistic and field-validated evaluation framework that integrates run-up and overtopping analysis under varying water levels, providing a more realistic basis for assessing seawall performance for future adaptive redesign strategies.
The Importance of Lifeboat Winch Maintenance for the Safety of Crew and Passengers on the KM Sultan Hasanuddin Training Ship
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the lifeboat winch maintenance program and identify internal and external factors that affect its implementation. The research method used a qualitative descriptive approach through observation of the physical condition of the equipment, interviews with the crew, and review of logbooks. The results of the study show that the lifeboat winch maintenance program on KM Sultan Hasanuddin is not yet effective. The condition of the equipment shows degradation, such as rust on the wire rope and blurred nameplates, while the Planned Maintenance System (PMS) documentation is not available. Safety drills are conducted, but passenger involvement is not guaranteed, thereby reducing collective preparedness. Internal factors that influence this include the competence of the crew, the availability of spare parts, the consistency of the maintenance schedule, and the safety culture. External factors include the corrosive marine environment, ship operator policies, budget constraints, and weak external supervision. The implications of these findings emphasize the need for the implementation of a documented PMS, consistent preventive maintenance, and integrated drills involving all parties on board. For maritime educational institutions, this research also serves as a basis for the development of practical learning modules on lifeboat winch maintenance to support the formation of a safety culture from an early stage.
Ship Crew Behavior, Maritime Safety Culture, and Shipping Operational Performance
The purpose of this study is to examine how crew behavior affects shipping operational performance when maritime safety culture is used as a mediating variable. Using Flin's (2008) crew behavior instrument, Xi et al.'s (2025) safety culture instrument, and BIMCO Shipping's (2020) operational performance KPIs, data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 343 commercial ship crews in Indonesia, using a 1–5 Likert scale. External model testing (validity and reliability) and internal model testing (R2, f2, SRMR, and hypotheses) were conducted with SEM-PLS using SmartPLS 4. The results show that crew behavior has a significant impact on maritime safety culture (β = 0.936; p < 0.001). However, the direct impact on operational performance was small (β = 0.208; p < 0.018). These findings confirm that crew behavior only has an optimal impact when it is internalized into the organization's safety culture, so shipping companies need to strengthen safety policies, continuous training, safety-based leadership, and non-punitive reporting systems. Theoretically, this study expands the literature on safety management by showing that the ever-changing interaction between human elements and organizational culture determines how effective maritime organizations are.
Mapping Indonesia's Maritime Defense Strategy: A Critical Analysis of Enforcement Effectiveness Against Territorial Violations in the North Natuna Sea
This study examines Indonesia’s maritime defense strategy in the North Natuna Sea, focusing on the identification of major threats and the assessment of enforcement effectiveness. A descriptive qualitative method was employed, utilizing interviews, observations, and document analysis, with data analyzed through Miles and Huberman’s model. The findings show that Indonesia applies a layered maritime defense that integrates military power, diplomacy, law enforcement, and community participation. Key threats consist of illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, grey zone tactics, unauthorized seabed surveys, and transnational smuggling. Joint operations involving the Navy, the Maritime Security Agency (Bakamla), and the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries were found to reduce violations, with an estimated Rp774.3 billion in potential state losses prevented between January and May 2025. However, the overall effectiveness remains limited due to constrained naval assets, weak interagency coordination, and regional geopolitical pressures. The study underscores the significance of a multi-actor enforcement approach and recommends the establishment of integrated command centers, modernization of AI-based surveillance systems, and the strengthening of defense diplomacy to reinforce Indonesia’s maritime security posture.
Application of Automatic Detection of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Loading and Unloading Workers at PT. Pelindo TPK Makassar
The purpose of this study is to apply the use of an automatic PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) detection system prototype in supporting the Health, Safety, Security, and Environment (HSSE) efforts of PT. Pelindo Terminal Peti Kemas Makassar also known as TPK Makassar to improve the effectiveness of supervision and reduce the risk of workplace accidents. Workplace accidents can be caused by various factors, ranging from worker negligence in not using PPE, lack of discipline, and carelessness. Safety and health are top priorities for workers and companies. Field testing results show that the system can consistently distinguish between workers who comply with and those who violate PPE usage rules, and send automatic alerts when violations occur. The YOLOv8-based detection model shows fairly good performance with a precision value of 0.7–0.9, recall of 0.5–0.6, and mAP50 reaching 0.7–0.8, which indicates that the system is capable of recognizing main objects with high accuracy.
Application of Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to Analyze Occupational Safety Risks in General Cargo Ship Loading and Unloading Activities at Makassar Port
Makassar Port as one of the main ports in Indonesia has an important role in the national logistics system, but the loading and unloading activities of general cargo ships have the potential for high occupational safety risks. This study aims to identify, evaluate, and prioritize risks that can occur during the loading and unloading process at Makassar Port. The analysis of occupational safety risks in the loading and unloading activities of general cargo ships uses the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis method approach by identifying the failure mode, the impact of failure, and the cause of failure that occurs at each stage of loading and unloading activities and involves the assessment of Severity, Occurrence, and Detection to determine the Risk Priority Number (RPN). Through the application of FMEA method, an in-depth identification of work stages, failure modes, effects, causes, and Risk Priority Number (RPN) values for each work activity is obtained. The results of the analysis that show the failure mode with the highest RPN value in this study are in the loading and unloading activities which then become a reference for designing mitigation steps or appropriate repair solutions by implementing a safety briefing before starting the activity, a safety area on the dock for activities, ensuring the load is in accordance with the capacity of the lifting equipment, training for heavy equipment operators, controlling or monitoring by the PnC team, communication and mutual coordination between operators and field workers. The conclusion of this study is that the approach using the FMEA method is effective in identifying and evaluating work safety risks in loading and unloading activities. With the results of risk mapping, the port can take more targeted preventive measures.
Implementation of Code of Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seafarers towards Engine Crew in MV. Sultan Hasanuddin
This research aimed at investigating the effectiveness of the implementation of COSWP towards the engine crew and finding out the better recommendation to increase the implementation for future needs. The research applied mixed-method research which combined between qualitative and quantitative approach. The data collected using questionnaires and an in-depth interview to engine crews at MV. Sultan Hasanuddin. Then, the data questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS and the interview data were interpreted using three steps, they were transcribing data, data reduce and data interpretation. The results of the research revealed that the mean score was 27,20 with standard deviation of 3.795. This data showed the implementation of COSWP in MV. Sultan Hasanuddin was in very effective condition. There were recommendations given by the sample of the research such as integration of COSWP to the Safety Management System (SMS) or International Safety Management (ISM) Code, training of Maritime Resource Management (MRM) and Non-Technical, internal auditory and regular evaluation, effective communication, and digital development management.
The Effect of Service Quality, Trust, and Corporate Image on Passenger Satisfaction of the Bawean Island Ferry Operated under the Port Authority and Harbormaster Office (KSOP) Class II Gresik
This study aims to analyze the influence of service quality, trust, and corporate image on customer satisfaction of the Bawean Island ferry service managed by the Port Authority and Harbormaster Office (KSOP) Class II Gresik. Using a quantitative approach with survey methods, primary data was obtained from 100 respondents of KM Express Bahari 3F and KM Express Bahari 6F passengers. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS. The results indicate that service quality and corporate image significantly affect customer satisfaction, while trust does not have a significant effect. Corporate image is the most dominant variable. Simultaneously, the three variables significantly affect customer satisfaction with an Adjusted R² of 0.742. This means that 74.2% of the variation in customer satisfaction can be explained by service quality, trust, and corporate image. The findings imply that service quality and a strong corporate image are essential for enhancing customer satisfaction, while trust needs to be strengthened through transparent communication and consistent operational reliability.
Numerical Analysis of Hydrodynamic and Channel Discharge Impacts of Planned Coastal Reclamation in Eastern Surabaya
Reclamation is a widely adopted strategy to address land scarcity by converting coastal waters into new land. This approach has been implemented in many major cities worldwide to support economic growth and infrastructure expansion, including in Surabaya. As the core of the Gerbangkertosusila National Strategic Area, Surabaya is actively pursuing coastal development, one of which is the planned integrated reclamation project, Surabaya Waterfront Land (SWL), in the Pamurbaya region. Previous studies have shown that reclamation can significantly alter hydrodynamic processes, including river discharge in estuarine channels. This study investigates changes in hydrodynamic patterns and primary channel discharges following reclamation, using numerical simulations with Delft3D. Model performance was validated with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.4. The results indicate that reclamation increases current velocities in the southern sector to ≥1.5 m/s, with flows between reclamation blocks ranging from 0.8–1.2 m/s. In contrast, currents in sheltered areas weaken to about 0.2 m/s. Reclamation also intensifies erosion in areas directly exposed to open flow, while promoting sediment deposition in sheltered zones. Channel discharge decreased by 20–70% after reclamation, with the greatest reductions in the Kepiting and Bokor rivers (60–70%) and the smallest in the Wonokromo River (15–20%). These findings underscore the importance of planning reclamation projects with due regard to community livelihoods and coastal ecosystem sustainability. Recommended mitigation measures include constructing connecting canals to maintain circulation, implementing staged reclamation to allow adaptive evaluation, and restoring mangrove belts along reclamation boundaries. The study highlights the value of numerical modeling as a decision-support tool for adaptive and sustainable coastal management.
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Determination of the Shortest Route with the Djikstra Algortima in the Operation of Aplousing and Maintenance of Shipping Navigation Aids (SBNP)
This study aims to implement the djikstra algorithm to overcome the problem of optimizing the shortest route determination in aplousing and maintenance activities of Shipping Navigation Assistance Facilities (SBNP) in the working area of the Tanjung Perak Type A Navigation District Office. The Navigation Pier has historically been a strategic facility to face the challenges of maintaining fuel efficiency, sailing times and reducing emissions in environmental pollution due to suboptimal routes. The djikstra algorithm is known to be effective in finding the shortest route on a weighted graph by representing strategic location points such as ports and marine navigation areas as nodes and the distance between nodes is calculated using the haversine formula based on geographic coordinates as weights. Before the implementation of travel route optimization, a total mileage of 1,210.30 km was obtained and after the optimization was applied using the djikstra algorithm, a total mileage of 1,110.44 km was obtained. This comparison shows a significant distance savings of 99.86 km or 8.25% travel efficiency. This optimization is able to contribute to time reduction, fuel savings and reduction of environmental pollution exhaust gas emissions so that it is able to optimize the operational effectiveness of ships as a whole. This study confirms the positive and relevant capabilities to be applied in shipping navigation route planning and support decision-making in the management of sea routes or logistics transportation in areas with a varied distribution of mileage points that require high efficiency and mobility. In the next research, it is hoped that it will be able to add external factors such as sea currents, waves, and wind according to the geographical characteristics of the territorial waters so that the results of route planning can be more accurate in the real operational area in the shipping work area.
Monte Carlo-Based Risk Probability Modeling for Ship Incident
The shipping industry, a critical component of global logistics, faces persistent operational risks that threaten safety, environmental integrity, and economic stability. Traditional risk assessments, often reliant on descriptive statistics, fail to capture the probabilistic and multifaceted nature of maritime accidents. This study bridges this gap by developing a robust Monte Carlo simulation framework to quantify incident probabilities for a tanker fleet. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset from a shipping company, including incident reports, tanker characteristics, and root causes, the model iteratively samples operational and technical variables up to 50,000 iterations to project risk distributions and identify critical failure pathways. The results demonstrate that risk is highly contextual and not an intrinsic tanker property. The analysis reveals that mid-sized tankers (20,000–35,000 GT) are most susceptible to technical failures like propulsion and auxiliary machinery breakdowns, aligning with their high risk for asset loss and security breaches. Conversely, larger tankers (> 60,000 GT) exhibit systematically lower risk across most categories, which is attributed to advanced safety systems and stricter protocols. A notable exception is environmental risk, where smaller tankers (≤ 5000 GT) pose the lowest threat due to their limited spillage potential. The simulation achieved convergence at 10,000 iterations for personnel injury and security breach incidents, and 5000 for asset loss and environmental impacts, providing a validated threshold for reliable prediction. This study concludes that the Monte Carlo method effectively translates historical data into actionable insights, enabling proactive, precisely timed mitigations tailored to specific tanker profiles and incident types. The findings offer a paradigm shift from reactive to predictive risk management in maritime operations.
Redisigning the Construction of Graving Dock Gate to Get a More Optimal Design
The graving dock gate is one part of the graving dock construction. the construction of the graving dock gate that is directly facing the sea must be able to withstand the load from the water at all times. by making modifications to the Gate construction, the design results are obtained which are quite optimal in terms of weight strength. the redesign of the graving dock Gate pt.barokah galangan perkasa cannot be separated from a problem where the previous construction design was too heavy and exceeded the required laden. Causing the graving dock gate to not be able to float when the water conditions are low. The main size of the graving dock gate pt.barokah galangan perkasa is 3 meters long, 46 meters wide, 7.32 meters high. the method used in this redesign process is to use the e application of the finite element method ANSYS apdl, while 3d modeling uses SketchUp, and AutoCAD.
Time Series Forecasting for Container Throughput Using SARIMA and LSTM: A Case Study of Tanjung Emas Port, Semarang
Abstract: Accurate forecasting of container throughput is vital for enhancing strategic planning and operational efficiency in seaport management. This study compares the performance of two time series forecasting models Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) in predicting container throughput at Tanjung Emas Port, Semarang, Indonesia. Monthly throughput data from January 2014 to April 2025 were preprocessed using stationarity transformation and normalization techniques. Model performance was evaluated using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). The SARIMA model effectively captured seasonal patterns and produced accurate short-term forecasts. Conversely, the LSTM model exhibited notable significant deviation from the actual data , indicating lower predictive performance in this context. The findings indicate that SARIMA currently provides a more reliable forecasting approach for the port. Future research should consider hybrid models (e.g., SARIMA-LSTM) and incorporate exogenous variables to improve forecasting accuracy and support data-driven decision-making in port operations.
Systematic Review of Dangerous Goods Handling in Port Operations: Safety Management Systems, Risk Assessment, and Technological Innovations
The handling of dangerous goods in port environments represents one of the most critical safety challenges in maritime logistics, necessitating comprehensive risk management approaches and advanced safety protocols. This systematic literature review analyzes current practices, challenges, and innovations in dangerous goods handling at ports, examining safety management systems, risk assessment methodologies, and technological solutions. Following PRISMA guidelines, 37 peer-reviewed articles published between 2014-2024 were systematically analyzed based on their relevance to dangerous goods handling, port operations, safety management, and risk assessment in maritime environments. The analysis reveals five key themes: risk assessment and safety management systems, regulatory frameworks and compliance, technological innovations and automation, human factors and training, and environmental impact and sustainability. Major findings indicate that integrated risk-based approaches, combined with advanced detection capabilities and comprehensive training programs, significantly enhance safety outcomes in dangerous goods handling. The research emphasizes the critical need for holistic safety management systems that integrate technological solutions, regulatory compliance, human factor considerations, and environmental protection measures. Current evidence suggests that ports implementing comprehensive safety management frameworks demonstrate substantial improvements in incident reduction and operational efficiency. Future research directions should prioritize the development of smart port technologies, standardized international protocols for dangerous goods management, and enhanced integration between automated systems and human decision-making processes to address emerging challenges in increasingly complex port environments.
Effect of Air Humidity, Wind Speed and Sea Surface Temperature on Rainfall in Bengkulu City
Rainfall is a vital climate component and its variability in equatorial regions such as Indonesia. Bengkulu City, with its strategic geographical position on the edge of the Indian Ocean, is influenced by global and regional climate, as well as local conditions such as topography and sea surface temperature. Air humidity is known to be significantly correlated with extreme rainfall, while wind speed plays a role in air convergence and cloud formation. Therefore, this research tends to examine the air humidity, wind speed and sea surface temperature’s influence on rainfall in Bengkulu City. The method employed in this research is quantitative technique with multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS model. The data employed are monthly data of air humidity, wind speed, sea surface temperature, and rainfall from 2003 to 2023. As model validation before regression analysis, normality and multicollinearity tests were conducted. The analysis outcomes present that air humidity has a significant and positive partial effect on rainfall, which is consistent with its role in the condensation process and cloud formation. In contrast, wind speed and sea surface temperature show no significant partial influence on rainfall. However, simultaneously, these three independent variables (air humidity, wind speed and sea surface temperature) have a significant effect on rainfall. The regression model was able to explain about 63.8% of the variation in rainfall, confirming that air humidity is the main predictor of rainfall in the Bengkulu region.
A Minimum Break Load Analysis of Smith Bracket Using Finite Element Method (FEM)
The study on the use of the Smith Bracket in towing operations highlights its critical role in securing towing connections, requiring strong structural integrity as mandated by IMO safety regulations. Using Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis, the stress distribution under various tensile loads was examined, and the simulation results indicate that the bracket design can safely withstand operational forces, making it suitable for towing applications.From the calculations: The Minimum Break Load (MBL) of the Smith Bracket is determined to be ±69 tons, Applying a Safety Factor (SF) of 4, The Safe Working Load (SWL) is calculated at 17.5 tons. These values indicate that the bracket meets safety requirements and is capable of withstanding operational loads without failure. The combination of IMO regulations, FEM simulations, and theoretical analysis ensures that the Smith Bracket is designed for safe and reliable towing operations.
Finite Element Analysis of the Gravity Davit Structure on MV. Sultan Hasanuddin with Variations Lifeboat Load Capacity
The purpose of this study is to measure the maximum support capacity of the Davit structure on MV. Sultan Hasanuddin using variations in lifeboat load capacity. Davits on ships function as tools used to raise or lower lifeboats on board. The method used in this study is a quantitative method employing the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) technique to determine the ultimate stress and maximum deformation occurring in the Davit structure of the MV. Sultan Hasanuddin due to loading effects. Based on simulation results with six variations of passenger loading, the maximum stress experienced by the Davit (Davit) of the MV. Sultan Hasanuddin was on the suspension block, specifically on the davit chain. It was found that the maximum passenger weight limit on the lifeboat that does not exceed the BKI allowable stress is 4,363 kg, or an additional load of 35% of the total passenger weight, with a maximum gravitational force acting on the lifeboat of 74,441 N on the davit structure.
Socio-economic Impact of the Development of Para Lelle Tourism Village, Tatoareng District, Sangihe
This research aims to determine the impact of developing the Para Lelle tourist village on the socio-economic conditions of fishermen as well as formulating policies for the Government based on this impact analysis. Data collection was carried out by collecting data directly through interviews and observation (direct observation) using questionnaires on fishermen in Para Lelle Village (Para Island) Tatoareng District, Sangihe Islands Regency. Qualitative descriptive data analysis for socio-economic conditions and level of community welfare using a Likert scale approach. Quantitative data analysis to determine the influence of the development of the Para Lelle tourist village on the socio-economic conditions of fishermen using statistical regression analysis methods. Currently, marine tourism activities do not have a significant impact on people's income. Policies that can be taken for the development of the Para Lelle Developing Tourism Village are increasing coordination & communication between the Village Government and Regional Government as well as other stakeholders, increasing the development of public facilities in tourist areas, and increasing the capabilities of local communities.
Assessment of the Stability of the KL Sultan Hasanuddin Ship During Passenger Evacuation
KL. Sultan Hasanuddin previously used only as a training ship for cadets, currently operates as a public passenger transport vessel in the islands and ports of South Sulawesi. The objective of this study is to measure the extent of the effect of changes in the stability of the KL. Sultan Hasanuddin vessel during passenger evacuation in the event of a fire, in accordance with IMO Regulation A.749(18) Chapter 3. One of the factors that significantly influences vessel stability is cargo distribution, including passenger distribution behavior. When passengers move freely on the ship, such as walking from one place to another, running, or gathering in a specific area, this causes a shift in the ship's center of gravity. The method used in this study is the Krylov method to obtain the ship's GZ stability curve by dividing several cases and conditions of the ship's tanks. Based on the simulation and analysis results, changes in the stability of the KL. Sultan Hasanuddin ship were observed during passenger evacuation when the ship departed from the port (departure), with a 18% decrease in the GZ value; during the voyage (seagoing), with a decrease in the GZ value reaching 58%; and upon arrival at the port (arrival), with a decrease ranging from 44% to 70%.