The Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan SPERMONDE is a peer reviewed international journal publishing high quality articles dedicated to all aspects of Marine Science. The Journal considers only manuscripts that have not been published (or submitted simultaneously), at any language, elsewhere. Contributions are in English. The journal published by Study Program of Marine Science, University Hasanuddin with E-ISSN: 2614-5049, P-ISSN: 2460-0156.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
MAPPING MANGROVE GREEN BELTS IN AQUACULTURE PONDS USING GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE
Mangrove ecosystems function as vital biophysical buffers, attenuating wave energy, reducing coastal erosion, and stabilizing shorelines. Historically, they have been employed as natural barriers to protect coastal aquaculture, including fish ponds. This study examines the temporal dynamics of mangroves safeguarding the Unhas Bojo educational fish ponds using cloud-based geospatial analysis via Google Earth Engine (GEE). Field data were collected from June 2–5, 2023, across 27 sampling points within three stations, complemented by Sentinel-2A imagery (474 scenes, from 2016 to 2023). Equipment included GPS logger, quadrat, compass, ImageJ, timestamp camera, protractor, Google My Maps, GPX Viewer, QGIS, and GEE. Species identified were Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, and Sonneratia alba. Average canopy cover was 76.2 ± 5.8%, indicating good ecological condition. NDVI values ranged from -0.12 to 0.65, with a model coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.835 and RMSE of 1.69. Despite overall resilience, seasonal NDVI dynamics revealed consistent patterns: higher productivity during the dry season and reduced values in the rainy season. These intra-annual fluctuations demonstrate that mangrove vigor is strongly coupled with climatic drivers, particularly rainfall intensity and hydrological regimes. Persistent canopy cover underscores ecological resilience, yet sensitivity to seasonal stressors highlights the importance of monitoring mangrove health under variable climatic conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
MACROZOOBENTHOS DIVERSITY AS A BIOINDICATOR OF WATER CONDITIONS IN TANETE RILAU SUBDISTRICT, BARRU REGENCY: A STUDY OF COMMUNITIES, SEDIMENTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS
Tanete Rilau Subdistrict in Barru Regency is a coastal area facing environmental pressures due to anthropogenic activities such as settlements, fishponds, and coastal development. This study aims to analyze the diversity of macrozoobenthos as a bioindicator of water conditions in the area. The research was conducted in March 2026 at three observation stations: the fishpond area (Station 1), mangrove ecosystem (Station 2), and settlement area (Station 3). The results found 8 species of macrozoobenthos from the phylum Mollusca (7 species of Gastropods and 1 species of Bivalvia), with a total of 61 individuals. The abundance of individuals ranged from 3–28 ind/m², with the highest abundance at Station 1 (28 ind/m²) and the lowest at Station 3 (3 ind/m²). The diversity index (H’) ranged from 0 to 1.32, categorizing the water quality as low to moderate. Station 2 showed the highest diversity (1.32), while Station 3 showed single species dominance by Clypeomorus pellucida with a dominance index (C) of 1. Sediment analysis showed dominance of fine to very fine sand fractions with total organic matter content (TOM) ranging from 5.01% to 34.88%. PCA analysis confirmed that variation in environmental conditions is controlled by the interaction of temperature, salinity, pH, DO, and TOM, which directly affect the macrozoobenthos community structure at the research sites.
ANALYSIS OF THE SUITABILITY OF BEACH TOURISM FOR RECREATION CATEGORY AT ANNAS DATOE BUTUNG BEACH, TANETE RILAU DISTRICT, BARRU REGENCY
This study aimed to examine the biophysical characteristics and evaluate the suitability of the coastal area for the development of recreational beach tourism in Tanete Rilau District, Barru Regency, South Sulawesi. The research was conducted from January to April 2026. The study area comprised three observation stations: Station 1, Station 2, and Station 3, each exhibiting distinct biophysical characteristics. The parameters observed included beach type, beach width, water substrate, depth, brightness, current speed, beach slope, land cover, presence of hazardous biota, and availability of freshwater. Data were collected through field surveys and analyzed using the Tourism Suitability Index (TSI). The results indicated that the TSI values at Stations 1 and 2 were 2.0 and 2.1, respectively, categorizing them as suitable, whereas Station 3 had a TSI value of 1.8, categorizing it as unsuitable. This suggests that Stations 1 and 2 possess potential for development as recreational beach tourism areas, while Station 3 is less suitable for tourism development.
ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENTATION RATE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SEABED SEDIMENT IN THE COASTAL WATERS OF TANETE RILAU DISTRICT, BARRU REGENCY
The objective of this research is to ascertain the characteristics and sedimentation rates in the coastal waters of Tanete Rilau District. The study was conducted in March 2026 across three observation sites. Sediment data were collected utilizing the sediment trap method, which was deployed three times during the research period (at the beginning, middle, and end of the month), with each deployment lasting for two days. Seabed sediment samples were analyzed using the dry sieving method to determine the grain size distribution according to the Wentworth scale. The findings indicated that the average sedimentation rate during the observation period was 0.050 g/m²/day, with a maximum value recorded at Station 3 of 0.23 g/m²/day and a minimum value at Stations 1 and 2 of 0.01 g/m²/day. The sediment characteristics at the research site were predominantly composed of very fine sand to silt fractions, with the sediment type classified as sandy silt at Stations 1 and 2 and sand at Station 3.
DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF SHARK SPECIES FROM THE WATERS OF LANGKAI ISLAND, SPERMONDE ARCHIPELAGO
Sharks as top predators in marine waters have important role in balancing the ecosystem, however they were suffering from high overfishing fishery. The study was conducted to identify species composition and sex determination observed sharks as well as mapping their distribution, and to define interviewed by-catch sharks into their conservation status based on the IUCN Red List. This research was carried out in April 2021 in the adjacent waters of Langkai Island, Spermonde Archipelago. A survey method was carried out to gather fisheries data and biological aspects of catches in 11 trips, as well as conducting interviews as secondary data needs. There were 20 individuals of identified shark with a length range of 58-131 cm, and within composition of five species: Chiloscyllium punctatum (45%), Triaenodon obesus (25%), Carcharhinus melanopterus (20%), C. falciformis (5%), and C. sealei (5%). The female sharks composition was higher (65%) than male ones (35%). The observed sharks were fished in the adjacent water of Langkai Island within distances of 0.20-8.25 km to the southwest of the island. Meanwhile, there had been 12 species of by-catch sharks from the fishermen interviews, which were classified into conservation status of Near Threatened (58%), Vulnerable (17%), Endangered (17%), and Critically Endangered (8%).
MORPHOLOGICAL PLASTICITY AND TAXONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF FAVITES CORALS FROM SPERMONDE ARCHIPELAGO
Morphologycal characterstic both descriptive and morphometric, like corralite diameter, corralite shape, the presence or absence of paliform lobe, colonies surface form, and septa teeth were the key for determining the Favites coral species characters, but these character are often influenced by environmental factors. In this studi will be try to reconstructed phylogeny tree of Favites coral‟s (Favites abdita, F. benattae, F. chinensis, F. flexuosa, F. halicora, and F. paraflexuosa). The speciment collected from Spermonde Archipelago. Phylogeny tree was reconstructed based on the morphological characters (descriptive and morphometric) using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) Methood on PAUP 4.0 software. The result showed the grouping of taxa for each species. However, if only using morphometric character in preparing the taxa group, it will not show the clear differences among species. This caused by the morphometric characters have the highest plasticity and influenced by environmental factors, if compared with the descriptive character.
DISTRIBUTION OF SOFT CORALS OF THE ALCYONIIDAE FAMILY IN THE FORE REEF ZONE ON BARRANGLOMPO ISLAND, MAKASSAR CITY
This study aimed to identify the types of soft corals of the family Alcyoniidae based on their morphological characteristics and spicule shape; determine the composition of the type and vertical distribution of soft corals; and analyze the relationship between the distribution of soft corals of the Alcyoniidae family in the fore reef zone with environmental factors in the waters of Barranglompo Island. This research was conducted in the coral reef area on the edge of Barranglompo Island which is divided into four observation stations. Data on species and the number of soft coral colonies were collected using the 100-meter belt transect method, which was placed parallel to the shoreline at two depths. This study identified 23 soft coral species belonging to three genera: Sinularia, Lobophytum, and Sarcophyton. Five spicule models were found: clubs, capstan, shuttel, spindle, and barrel, and the dominant one was the shape of clubs. There was no significant difference in the number of types between the research stations in the upper and lower reef zones. The density of soft corals differed markedly between stations in the lower fore reef zone, with the highest density of 0.19 ind/m2 at the southern station of the island. The high density of soft corals was located in the southwest of the island in the upper and lower fore-reef zones andwass associated with high light intensity and salinity. The high richness of soft coral types is located in the southeast of the island in the upper and lower fore-reef zones, which are characterized by turbidity values and high temperatures.
COMPARISON OF STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF MANGROVE TYPES IN BONTO BAHARI AND AMPEKALLE AREA, MAROS REGENCY
Mangrove ecosystems play a crucial role in coastal protection and biodiversity conservation. However, few studies have compared the structures and compositions of mangrove species across different regions. This study analyzed the structural differences and species composition of mangroves in Bonto Bahari and Ampekalle in Maros Regency. This study employed a line transect and plot method to assess tree density, canopy cover, and vegetation height. The results showed that Ampekalle had the highest canopy cover percentage, indicating a more stable environment for mangrove growth. Rhizophora mucronata was the dominant species across all sites, with the highest tree density recorded at Ampekalle. Differences in vegetation height suggest variations in soil conditions, water availability, and sunlight exposure. These findings emphasize the ecological importance of Ampekalle as a priority area for conservation. Further research is required to explore the environmental factors influencing mangrove distribution.
Copyright (c) 2025 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES COMPOSITION AND DENSITY OF MANGROVES IN BORONG KALUKUA AND BONTO BAHARI, MAROS REGENCY
This study analyzed the composition and density of mangrove species in Borong Kalukua and Bonto Bahari in Maros Regency. The research method involved a field survey using purposive sampling in several observation plots. The data obtained were analyzed using a quantitative descriptive method to calculate the averages and standard deviations. The results showed that the mangrove density in Borong Kalukua was higher than that in Bonto Bahari, with average densities of 450 and 350 trees/ha, respectively. The standard deviation value showed variations in density between plots, with Borong Kalukua showing more significant variation than Bonto Bahari. Environmental factors and anthropogenic pressures are considered the primary causes of these differences. This study highlights the importance of conservation and rehabilitation efforts in maintaining the balance of mangrove ecosystems, particularly in areas subjected to higher environmental pressures.
SPATIAL MAPPING OF CORAL REEF DISTRIBUTION IN KARIMUNJAWA ISLAND USING LYZENGA ALGORITHM
Coastal areas have high ecosystem productivity and are characterized by abundant fish species and coral reefs. However, these ecosystems are vulnerable to environmental pressures caused by human activities and natural dynamics. Coral reefs, consisting of organisms from the class Anthozoa within the order Scleractinia, which produce calcium carbonate structures, are key indicators of coastal ecosystem health. Coral reefs share biological characteristics with soft corals, hydras, and sea anemones as part of the phylum Cnidaria. Their existence is highly sensitive to environmental changes, whether natural or anthropogenic. In Indonesia, coral reef conditions have experienced significant degradation, with 36.18% in the damaged condition, only 6.56% categorized as very good, and 22.96% as good. The remaining 34.3% fall under the poor category, particularly around Karimunjawa and Kemujan Islands. Accurate data-based monitoring and management are essential for conserving these ecosystems. One method used to map and analyze coral reef distribution is the Lyzenga algorithm, which can distinguish shallow-water characteristics from coral reef habitats using satellite imagery. In this study, the Lyzenga algorithm was applied to SPOT 6 imagery for the Karimunjawa and Kemujan regions, covering an area of 8.46 km². The results showed that live coral reefs cover approximately 46% of the area, while dead coral reefs account for 56%, indicating a level of degradation that requires further attention in conservation and ecosystem recovery strategies. This study highlights the critical state of coral reefs in Indonesia, particularly in the Karimunjawa and Kemujan regions, emphasizing the necessity for conservation efforts driven by precise monitoring techniques such as the Lyzenga algorithm.
CORAL REEF CONSERVATION INDEX IN SAMALONA ISLAND, CITY OF MAKASSAR
This study sought to evaluate the quality of benthic organisms and coral fish, as well as analyze the coral reef conservation index in the waters surrounding Samalona Island. The research was conducted in the northern, southern, and western waters of Samalona Island, encompassing five reef zones: reef flat, reef crest, upper and lower reef slopes, and reef base. The line intercept transect (LIT) method was employed in conjunction with the belt transect for the collection of benthic data, while the underwater visual census (UVC) was utilized for capturing reef fish data. Further assessments of the quality of benthic organisms and reef fish were conducted using the suspension technique outlined by McMellor (2007). The findings indicated that the quality of coral reef organisms on Samalona Island was suboptimal, with scores of 21, 19, and 28 for the southern, western, and northern sides, respectively. The quality of reef fish was categorized as moderate-low, with scores of 27, 31, and 33 on the southern, western, and northern sides of the island, respectively. Consequently, the coral reefs in the waters surrounding Samalona Island were evaluated using the D3–D4 conservation index for both the southern and western sides of the island. Although the northern side has a conservation index of E3 and includes degraded habitat, it is not recommended for designation as a conservation area.
CARBON ABSORPTION ANALYSIS THROUGH ORGANIC-C CONTENT IN SEDIMENT AT AMPEKALE MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM, MAROS REGENCY
Global warming represents a significant challenge, primarily driven by the escalating concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, notably carbon dioxide (CO₂). Mangrove ecosystems are integral to climate change mitigation due to their capacity to sequester and store carbon within their biomass and sediment. This study sought to evaluate carbon sequestration through the analysis of organic carbon content in the sediments of mangrove ecosystems located in Ampekale, Maros Regency. Sampling was executed using a purposive sampling method across nine sites, employing a 50 × 5 cm corer. Each sediment sample was sectioned into five depth intervals (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm, 30-40 cm, and 40-50 cm). The organic carbon content was assessed using the loss on ignition (LOI) method, with parameters measured including bulk density, sediment organic carbon concentration, carbon storage, and carbon uptake in sediments. Statistical analyses were conducted utilizing one-way and two-way ANOVA tests. The findings indicated that the mangrove ecosystem in Ampekale exhibited a total carbon storage in sediments of 731.72 tons/ha, with a total carbon uptake of 2685.42 tons/ha. The greatest carbon storage and uptake were observed at the 40-50 cm depth, with values of 342.056 tons/ha and 1255.34 tons/ha, respectively.
MAPPING OF CURRENTS AND TIDES FOR ANALYSIS OF LOCATION SUITABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF PORT ACTIVITIES, TANJUNG WANGI PORT
Banyuwangi Regency has 282 km of coastline with high coastal potential to be developed, such as tourism, fisheries, and ports. This study aimed to analyze the suitability of the Tanjung Wangi Port location based on tidal and ocean current data. Tidal data were obtained from the Indonesian Hydrographic Data Center (IHDC), and ocean current data were obtained from AVISO Satellite Altimetry. The data were processed using Microsoft Excel and ArcGIS using the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method to create ocean current maps. The results showed that Tanjung Wangi Port has a double-dominant mixed tidal type. The highest water level was recorded at 5.207 m, and the lowest water level was 0.809 m, with a Mean Sea Level (MSL) of 3.048 m. The sea current speed ranged from 0.023 m/s to 1.414 m/s from the Southeast and Southwest Indian Ocean, with the direction of the sea current towards the Banyuwangi Regency. Stable tidal conditions and low ocean currents make the Tanjung Wangi Port ideal for safe harbor and navigation activities and contribute positively to the effectiveness of port activities. Further research should involve direct field surveys and seasonal variability analyses to improve the accuracy of port planning.
CHECKLIST OF SEA CUCUMBERS SPECIES FROM BILUHU TIMUR WATERS, TOMINI BAY, GORONTALO, INDONESIA, BASED ON THEIR OCCURRENCE ON NEW MOON AND FULL MOON OF LUNAR PHASE
This study presents a comprehensive checklist of sea cucumber species found in Biluhu Timur waters, Tomini Bay, Gorontalo, Indonesia, across the new moon and full moon lunar phases. The survey identified eight species across five genera, including Actinopyga miliaris, A. mauritiana, Holothuria scabra, and H. leucospilota, noting significant distribution patterns influenced by lunar cycles and different biomes at three stations. Actinopyga miliaris and A. mauritiana, both classified as Vulnerable, were more active in the seagrass biome of Station I during the full moon. H. leucospilota, classified as Least Concern, was highly prevalent in the sandy substrate biome of Station II during the new moon, indicating a strong ecological association with that habitat. Stichopus horrens, classified as Data Deficient, showed notable activity in the coral reef biome of Station III. Environmental parameters such as water temperature, salinity, and pH were measured at each station to understand the conditions influencing these species. This study highlights the importance of lunar phases, biomes, and environmental variables on sea cucumber distribution. The findings underscore the need for conservation efforts that consider these factors to protect species vulnerable to overfishing and habitat degradation. Further research should include genetic analysis and expanded temporal and spatial scales to develop effective conservation strategies and sustainable management practices
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COASTLINE CHANGES USING THE IJIMA SATO SEDIMENT TRANSPORT METHOD IN RELATION TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF GROIN STRUCTURES IN THE RANDUPUTIH BEACH AREA, PROBOLINGGO REGENCY
As the population increased, the requirement for housing increased as well. The Randuputih coastal area on the coasts of Probolinggo Regency is located in the northern part of Java Island, so most residential areas are in the north coastal area. In this area, there is housing development close to the coastal area. With the housing development near the Probolinggo coastal area, we plan to build a coastal protection building as a groin structure to prevent erosion along the coast. In designing the groin structure, it is necessary to analyze the coastline changes in the Randuputih coastal area, Probolinggo Regency, to calculate the length of the groin built in that area. As a reference for calculating the groin structure, the analysis carried out observed changes in the coastline over 20 years (2003-2023). The sediment transport method used is the Ijima Sato sediment transport method because this method approximates changes in coastlines based on observations over 20 years in the Randuputih coastal area, Probolinggo Regency. The average sediment transport is 3.74 m3/day from the northwest. Adding three groin structures along 700m can maintain coastline change stability by up to 6.61%. Before the groins were applied, the average coastline change was 34%.
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE CONTENTS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF THE FISH Sicyopus zosterophorus (Bleeker, 1856) FROM THE BOHI RIVER, BANGGAI DISTRICT, CENTRAL SULAWESI
ABSTRACT Sicyopus zosterophorus (Gobiidae) has a habitat in clear and fast-flowing rivers. This fish species is found in several rivers in Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi, one of which is the Bohi River. Studies on the type of food S. zosterophorus in the Bohi River have never been carried out. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research that aims to determine the type of food S. zosterophorus in nature as important information for life history and feeding in controlled habitats. This research was carried out from December 2019 to January 2020. The fishing was done using a scoop net by snorkeling to get fish at the bottom of the river. The fish obtained were then preserved using 5% formalin and then taken to the laboratory for identification of digestive tract contents. Data on the composition and percentage of types of food in the digestive tract were processed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the contents of the digestive tract of S. zosterophorus were dominated by insects (74%), crustaceans (7%), plants (5%), and phytoplankton (3%). The contents of the digestive tract were not identified as much as 11%. Based on this, S. zosterophorus in the Bohi River is categorized as stenophagic and is a carnivorous fish, especially insectivorous and phytobenthic eaters. This research can be used as a basis for providing natural food for S. zosterophorus in aquaculture. Keywords: Goby fish, insectivorous, phytobenthic, stenophagic
EVALUATING THE DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF MARINE FISH IN THE MAKASSAR STRAIT, INDONESIA THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DNA (EDNA) ANALYSIS
The recent adoption of environmental DNA (eDNA) represents an innovative method for assessing the presence of aquatic vertebrate species, providing a relatively straightforward approach with significant implications for conservation biology. In our investigation, we employed eDNA metabarcoding to explore the diversity of fish in the Makassar Strait. We collected eDNA from samples taken both at the surface and from the water column (15 m depth) at two specific locations within this region. The reliability of the MiFish-U primer set methodology in estimating fish diversity in the Makassar Strait was assessed. In a single survey, based on four water samples from the Makassar Strait, we successfully identified 11 marine fish taxa at the species level. These taxa belong to 8 families across 8 orders. The predominance of reef-dwelling species suggests that coral reefs play a dominant role as the primary ecosystem in this area. Among the surveyed sites, Barru Waters exhibited the highest species richness (7 species), while Pangkep Waters only revealed 4 species. Through the application of eDNA metabarcoding, this study provided a means to assess fish diversity, delivering crucial foundational information. Our findings highlight the cost-effectiveness of the eDNA metabarcoding method as a powerful scientific tool for the management and conservation of marine fish resources in the Makassar Strait.
IDENTIFICATION OF GREEN ALGAE (CHLOROPHYTA) GENUS HALIMEDA IN THE WATERS OF MABA DISTRICT, EAST HALMAHERA
Halimeda is a genus of calcified alga that inhabits tropical aquatic environments. The presences of Halimeda is essential for waters around mining sites, such as the waters of Maba District, wich is the center of mining in East Halmahera. As a calcareous organism, Halimeda functions as a buffer to neutralize the pH of waters. Although the presence of Halimeda in waters is not rare, studies on Halimeda taxonomy in Indonesia are very limited. Identification of Halimeda species can be done by looking at morphological and anatomical structures as an alternative based on the key to determining Halimeda species in the Indo-Pacific by Hillis & Collinvaux (1980), in addition to looking at DNA sequences. This study was aimed at identifying Halimeda species distributed in the waters of Maba District, East Halmahera based on morphological and anatomical characteristic. Besides, it also aims to determine the distribution and similarity of species between sampling locations. Sampling was carried out using purposive sampling method. Halimeda sample collection was prepared before identification. Eight species of Halimeda were found from four sampling sites, namely Halimeda cylindracea, H. distorta, H. macroloba, H. opuntia, H. simulans, H. discoidea, H. melanesica, and H. tuna. In additional to these eight species, seven unidentified Halimeda species were also found based on morphological and anatomical characteristc. Most similarity percentage of Halimeda species was found between Tanjung Buli-Monoropo at 75% and the lowest between Gee Island-Pakal Island (0%). The distribution of Halimeda species in waters in influenced by many factors, including substrate type, nutrients, light intensity, salinity, pH, temperature, depth, wave and current action.
BIOECOLOGY OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS ON KARAMASSANG ISLAND POLEWALI MANDAR
Anthropogenic activities that are often carried out by humans can affect the survival of mangrove, seagrass and coral reef ecosystems in an area. This research aims to determine the species, distribution and condition of the ecosystem on Karamassang Polewali Mandar Island. This research was carried out from April to December 2020 on Karamassang Island in Binuang District, Polewali Mandar Regency, West Sulawesi. Mangrove sampling uses a plot measuring 10 m x 10 m with four observation stations with three repetitions of each station with a repetition distance of 5 m. Data collection on seagrass beds with estimates of seagrass cover was carried out by stretching a line transect along 100 m and placing 0.5 x 0.5 m2 quadrants with grids at 20 meters intervals. This transect was carried out at a location that has a seagrass ecosystem and coral reef ecosystem data was collected using the RRA (Rapid Reef Assessment) method. The results of research on the types of mangroves obtained on Karamassang Island were Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia alba, and Sonneratia alba. In general, the density of mangroves is very dense. In general, seagrass cover is in the good category. In general, the condition of live coral cover is in poor condition.
ESTIMATING SEASONAL PATTERNS OF FISHING FOR ANCHOVIES (Stolephorus Sp) LANDED AT PPI PAOTERE, MAKASSAR, SOUTH SULAWESI: AN APPROACH TO FISHING BUSINESS EFFICIENCY
The exploitation level of fish resources should be based on effectiveness, efficiency and business sustainability. One of the efforts to implement these three aspects is to understand the seasonal pattern or the best time to catch the fish target. The aim of this research was to estimate the pattern of the anchovy fishing season based on production data landed at PPI Paotere Makassar, South Sulawesi. Data is collected from the PPI and analyzed using the moving average techniques. Results showed that the seasonal pattern of anchovy fishing is estimated to increase in the transition season to the eastern season (IMP > 100%) and reach a peak in September (IMP = 134.74%). Descriptively, the fishing season, especially the peak season, was thought to occur because these fish are probably associated with optimum conditions for oceanographic parameters such as sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a concentrations and surface current conditions. Information on anchovy fishing season patterns is really needed by marine fisheries managers, both government and private, in managing efforts to exploit fish resources wisely and sustainably.
ANALYSIS OF PHYSICO–CHEMICAL PARAMETERS ON PHYTOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE IN THE WATERS OF LABAKKANG DISTRICT, PANGKEP REGENCY
Pangkep Regency is dominated by pond areas, one of which is located in Labakkang District. These aquaculture activities affect physico-chemical parameters in the waters. This study was aimed to analyze the influence and relationship of physico-chemical parameters on phytoplankton abundance in the waters of Labakkang District, Pangkep Regency. Data were collected using purposive sampling method in several locations, namely waters around river mouths, waters around mangroves, pond discharge waters and waters around docks. The physico-chemical parameters observed include temperature, salinity, nitrate, phosphate, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), carbon dioxide and current velocity. The results showed that the highest phytoplankton abundance was found in the waters around the river mouth with a value of 741 cells/L, while the lowest abundance was found in the pond discharge waters with a value of 154 cells/L. At the station, the highest values were obtained in the temperature parameter of 32,67ºC, nitrate of 0,03 mg/L, phosphate of 0,08 mg/L, TSS of 25,26 mg/L and current speed of 0,25 m/s. The high abundance of phytoplankton is inversely proportional to the salinity level in the water, which is 29%ₒ. The results of the analysis using the one-way ANOVA statistical test showed significant differences in phytoplankton abundance as well as temperature, salinity and TSS parameters between sampling stations. Then multiple regression analysis showed that the most influential parameters on phytoplankton abundance were temperature, nitrate, and TSS with a coefficient of determination of 92,8%. The results of this study can serve as a basis for more effective water management and better environmental monitoring in the context of aquaculture activities in the region.
ANALYSIS OF COASTLINE CHANGES IN GORONTALO CITY USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY
Coastal areas are important for economic activities, but are also vulnerable to environmental changes caused by human activities. The use of remote sensing technology can assist in efficient and accurate monitoring of coastline changes related to the spatial-temporal dynamics of coastlines in local areas, which is needed in the development of effective coastal management strategies. By applying the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) method for coastline extraction, the research results show that the addition of coastal areas (accretion) as a dominant process in coastal stability in almost all coastal areas of Gorontalo City during the period 2000-2022, has experienced the significantly accelerated trend during the 2015-2022 period with an increase in the accretion rate of 60.15%. The rate of accretion in this period has caused an increase in the land area of coastal areas by 425.44% compared to the accretion that occurred during the 2000-2015 period. The findings of this research can be used as a basis for further research regarding the impact of human activities on coastal ecosystems and the effectiveness of Gorontalo City's coastal management strategies.
Copyright (c) 2023 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ANALYSIS OF MESOPLASTIC WASTE COMPOSITION IN TOURISM AREA, MUARA BADAK DISTRICT, KUTAI KARTANEGARA REGENCY, EAST KALIMANTAN
Waste is one of the problems for people all over the world, marine debris can come from community activities from the mainland or from the coast. Most of the activities of coastal communities may produce waste including fishing and tourism activities. Research on plastic waste in the Tourism Beach area of Muara Badak District was conducted to identify the type of mesoplastic, analyze the total weight, density and proportion of mesoplastic and determine differences in mesoplastic. This research was conducted at two tourist beach locations, namely Panrita Lopi Beach and Jingga Beach. The research method used was Purpusive Sampling method with recycling and making transect lines with a size of 100 m × 20 m, followed by dividing the transect into 5 lanes measuring 5 m x 5 m. Four types of mesoplastic were found, namely film, fiber, fragment and styrofoam. The amount of trash found on both beaches was 53 particles with the number of particles on Panrita Lopi Beach as many as 32 particles and Jingga Beach was 21 particles. The results of the composition of the percentage of waste obtained at Panrita Lopi Beach were 50% for fragment types and at Jingga Beach for 71% for filament types. The most common amount of trash found was at Panrita Lopi Beach, this was due to the fact that the number of visitors was greater than that of Pantau Jingga. The relationship between length and weight of waste at Panrita Lopi Beach was 94% while at Jingga Beach it was 58%.
ANALYSIS OF THE OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS OF MEOSBEKWAN ISLAND (RAJA AMPAT DISTRICT) FOR THE SUITABILITY OF SEAWEED CULTIVATION
Seaweed cultivation is an alternative community livelihood that potentially helping to reduce pressure on coral reefs in the area of Raja Ampat Archipelago. This study was aimed to conduct an oceanographic analysis of the waters of Meosbekwan Island (Raja Ampat Regency) for the suitability of seaweed cultivation. Oceanographic data collection was carried out at three points (M1, M2, and M3) on the western side of Meosbekwan Island. Analysis of suitability for aquaculture was initiated with an analysis of key parameters, i.e., depth, protection and shipping traffic. The suitability analysis was followed by an analysis of the oceanographic parameters of the waters by weighting them using a ranking system. Furthermore, the final stage of suitability analysis was to evaluate the feasibility level of seaweed cultivation. The results showed that the depth of the waters on the western side of Meosbekwan Island ranged from 1.3 m – 5.8 m with an average depth of 1.5 m in the south (M1), 2.2 m in the middle (M2), and 3.9 m to the north (M3). Wave height during the study ranged from 0.1 – 0.3 m with an average value of 0.25 m at all points. The velocity of the water currents ranged from 0.08 – 0.25 m/s. The salinity of the waters was relatively homogeneous (30 - 31 o/oo). Water temperature also has small and relatively homogeneous variations with a range of 30 - 31˚C. The brightness of the waters ranged from 2.5 – 3.5 m. The bottom of the waters on the west side of Meosbekwan Island generally consists of coarse sand, rubble, and seagrass vegetation Enhalus acoroides and Cymodocea sp. In general, the oceanographic conditions of the waters are suitable for the life and growth of seaweed. The results of the location suitability evaluation indicated that the waters on the western side of Meosbekwan Island were technically feasible to serve as a location for seaweed cultivation.
CORRELATION BETWEEN CADMIUM CONCENTRATION AND TOTAL ORGANIC MATTER IN SEDIMENTS AT TALLO ESTUARY, MAKASSAR CITY, INDONESIA
This study aims to determine the distribution and relationship between the concentration of cadmium metal (Cd) and total organic matter (TOM) in sediments in the Tallo estuary, Makassar City. The study collected sediment samples from 12 points, distance of 500m between points sampling. Furthermore, 12 sediment samples were analyzed for Cd and TOM concentrations in the laboratory. The results of measurements of Cd metal in sediments showed concentrations ranging from 0.001 - 0.037 mg/kg. The concentration of Cd metal found was still in the low category. While the concentration of TOM in sediment ranges from 6.7 -30.3%, indicating a low concentration. The distribution of Cd and TOM showed that the farther from the estuary, the lower the concentration. Based on the results of the regression test, the relationship between Cd and TOM concentrations was 80.1%. This shows that the accumulation of Cd metal in Tallo River sediments is strongly influenced by the concentration of organic matter.
STUDY OF PHYTOPLANKTON AS BIOINDICATORS OF ORGANIC MATTER POLLUTION LEVELS IN THE ESTUARY OF KENDARI BAY WATERS
The study aims to find out the structure of the phytoplankton community including abundance, dominance and to know the pollution of organic material in the Gulf of Kendari river stream using the sapropic index based on the phytoplankton as its indicator. The study was conducted from August to September 2022. The determination of the sampling station is carried out purposively by the sampler or sampler that has been planned by the researcher taking into account various considerations of conditions in the research area that may represent the conditions of the waters. The sampling technique was vertically carried out by tapping 150 L of seawater and then filtered using net plankton as many as 1 repetition at each station, then the sample filtered is inserted into a sample bottle and added preservatives. The samples are preserved using 3% formalin. The abundance calculation results of phytoplankton at each observation station during the study range between 269-2733 ind / l. The result of the calculation of the dominant index of each station during the study ranged from 0.17-0.96. The highest value was obtained at 0.17 and the lowest at 0.96. Measurement results of chemical physics parameters of water obtained temperature range 30-31 oC, current rate 0.09-0.37 m/second, TSS 0.3670-1.3395 mg/l, DO 5-6 mg/L, nitrate 0.134-0.163 mg / l, phosphate 0.60-0.285 mg /L.
STUDY OF BENTHIC DIATOM POPULATIONS IN BUNGKUTOKO WATERS IN RELATION TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF A CONTAINER PORT
Diatoms are a unique and specific group of microscopic algae, the body is composed of two valves, namely epitheca and hypotheca to form frustules, with cell walls made of silica (SiO3). Benthic diatom populations are highly variable and are common in waters. Bungkutoko Island is an island located at the eastern end of Kendari Bay. The rapid development and reclamation activities in the Bungkutoko coastal area, especially the construction of the port will affect the structure and topography of the environment. This study aims to determine the population of benthic diatoms in Bungkutoko waters in relation to the construction of a container port. The research was conducted at six observation stations using the purposive sampling method in August-September 2023. The results of this study found 13 genera of benthic diatoms, with abundance values ​​ranging from 342-492 ind/cm2. The diversity index value ranged from 1.82-2.00, the uniformity index value ranged from 0.82-0.91 and the dominance index value range from 0.15-0.20. Principal component analysis showed a correlation between the abundance of benthic diatoms and water quality parameters in the Bungkutoko waters.
THE IMPACT OF SPIDER MODEL OF CORAL TRANSPLANTATION ON FISH ABUNDANCE IN THE WATERS OF BOTUTONUO, GORONTALO PROVINCE
This study aims to determine the abundance of fish in the recovery location of the coral reef ecosystem in Botutonuo waters, Gorontalo Province. The research was conducted in February - May 2023. The research location consisted of 2 sites, namely site A which had coral transplants with spider coral skeletons and site B which had no transplants (natural coral reefs). Observations were made 3 times with an interval of 2 weeks. Reef fish data was collected using the Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method, with a 50 m x 5 m line transect. Calculation of data using fish abundance rum. The results showed that the number of fish species found in the Botutonuo waters of Gorontalo Province at site A was 89 species with a total individual abundance of 2,429 ind/m2, while at site B there were 69 species with a total individual abundance of 2,054 ind/m2.
CORAL REEF TRANSPLANT SUCCESS RATE IN BONETAMBU ISLAND, SPERMONDE ARCHIPELAGO
The world's coral reefs are under threat from human activities through pollution and habitat changes. This condition is influenced by several factors, such as human activities and natural phenomena. Many efforts have been made by humans to overcome or repair coral reef ecosystems that have been damaged. One of the efforts made is to carry out coral transplants. The main goal of coral transplantation is to improve the quality of coral reefs such as increasing live coral cover, biodiversity and uniqueness of coral topography. The stages of the method carried out in the research include mapping the bottom of the waters (sounding); mapping conditions of water cover; transplantation process and monitoring. This study used the spider skeleton method for the transplant media. The results showed that the percentage of live coral cover ranged from 10% - 25% and it was found that rubble cover dominated up to >70%. During the monitoring process, it was found that algae dominated almost all of the transplant media. The high nutrients and the lack of algae-eating fish resulted in a high algae cover found on the surface of the structure and had an impact on the death of the transplanted corals. Efforts are being made to regularly clean algae to increase the survival rate and replant dead coral
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF GONAD PIGMENTATION AS A REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS OF FAVIIDAE IN SPERMONDE ARCHIPHELAGO, INDONESIA
Coral spawning occurs throughout the year in Indonesia due to tropical climate conditions that influence coral development and spawning. As representative data on coral gonad development in the Spermonde Archipelago, observations on the development of the Faviidae gonads were conducted on Barrang Lompo, Kodingareng Keke, Samalona, and Bonetambung Island. Environmental elements are measured in the form of surface water temperature and rainfall. Based on the abundance of this type of gigantic coral at the study site, coral tissue sampling was concentrated on the Faviidae. The pigmentation of the gonads of Faviidae has been studied visually in nature. The samples were carved on the coral before being photographed. To make it easier to detect the level of pigmentation in each species, coral gonadal tissue was imaged. If there is an orange, yellow, or blue tint, it indicates that the coral has colored gonads and is mature gonads, indicating that coral spawning will occur soon. A water lever logger was used to measure the temperature of the water. The results of water temperature measurements vary and can be linked to the development of coral pigmentation as well as observations from November to March when the third phase (pigmented) process in Faviidae was considered to have happened in large numbers. It is possible that Faviidae can breed during this sensitive period. Rainfall data was gathered from Makassar City's Paotere Maritime Meteorological Station.